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    • Posted by Dayal Singh Maliyal 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Ashmita Singh 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 3 answers

    Aa Hh 6 years, 2 months ago

    When we separate dna helix then each strand will form a complementary strand in which each strand has parental strand and one is newly formed strand this is known as semi conservative replication

    1Thank You

    Gayatri Challa 6 years, 2 months ago

    It was given in 1953 by watson and crick

    1Thank You

    Amit Raj 6 years, 2 months ago

    Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism of DNA replication in all known cells. It derives its name from the fact that it produces two copies of the original DNA molecule, each of which contains one of original strand, and one newly-synthesized strand.

    4Thank You

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    • Posted by Ashmita Singh 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Shweta Pal 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Tannu Madaan 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 3 answers

    Aa Hh 6 years, 2 months ago

    Just prepare before exam and do writing practise and continuously do this then at last during exam tym u can set all rexns nearly in two or three pages

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    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    Search in You tube- arvind arora tips and tricks for all organic conversions .

    1Thank You

    Elma Saifi 6 years, 2 months ago

    Just focus on all conversions and basic reactions

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    • Posted by Kaif Khan 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    (B) it is double stranded. ,extra nuclear ,circular dna which can self replicate

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    • Posted by Martin Fellow 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago

    In human male reproductive system, spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to significance increase in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the pituitary gland. The increased level of GnRH then acts on the anteriror pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of the two gonadotropins : LH and FSH. LH acts on leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens, which stimulates spermatogenesis. FSH acts on the sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which help in the process of spermatogenesis.

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    • Posted by Nandini Gupta 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 2 answers

    Aa Hh 6 years, 2 months ago

    By determining palindromic nucleotide base sequences

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    Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago

    • Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the center of the palindrome sites, but between the same two bases on the opposite strands which leaves a single stranded portions at the ends and the overhanging stretches called sticky ends on each strand.
    • When cut by the same restriction enzyme, the resultant DNA fragments have the same kind of ‘sticky-ends’ and, these can be joined together using DNA ligases.

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    • Posted by Akhil Saini 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    CMI Cell mediated immunity.Mediated by T lymphocytes.cell mediated immunity called so because immunity is given by cells like macrophages,phagocytes. HI Humoral immunity.Mediated by BLymphocytes also called antibody mediated immunity.

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    • Posted by Mohd Kasim 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Ns H 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago

    Theoretically ATP yield for every oxidation cycle can be maximum upto 17, as NADH produces 3 ATP, FADH2 = 2 and end product, acetyl COA governed Citric Acid Cycle produces 12 ATP. Cumulatively in practice it comes 14 ATP for a one time full oxidation cycle and it only possible when we assume, 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule and 1.5 for each FADH2 molecule and 10 fro citric acid cycle, which seems to be irrational. But for better understanding we put this kind of assumption. However palmitate is 16 carbon containing saturated fatty acid.

    So, for an even-numbered saturated fat (C2n) ("C" indicating the number of carbon atoms and noted 2n is in the subscript), n - 1 oxidations are required, and the final process yields an 1 more acetyl CoA i.e. for palmitate if 2n=16 then n=8, which required n-1 oxiation i.e 7, so there will be 7 FAD, 7 NADH and 8 acetyl COA which will produce 1.5 ATP, 2.5 ATP and 10 ATP respectively and cumulatively it will be calculated 108 where 2 ATP were used in the initial activation of fatty acid so 2 ATP will be subtracted and total number of ATP will become 106. But if you go with the thereotical yields and have larger production ATP source then values of NADH, FAD and ATP produced by the full rotation of citric acid cycle will produce 3, 2, 12 ATPs. Together ATP number will become 131 and 2 will be subtracted as required for initial activation of fatty acid so you will remain with 129 !

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    • Posted by Ishaa Sharma 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Pragati Chaudhary 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago

    Pollen grains has a prominent two-layered wall. The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known. Pollen grains are well-preserved as fossils because of the presence of sporopollenin. 

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    • Posted by Romiiii Aayush 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Meghna Thapar 6 years, 1 month ago

    Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting. Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.

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    • Posted by Ishaa Sharma 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Sneha Chattaraj 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Lavanya ❤️? 6 years, 2 months ago

    Lacertilia is the scientific name of lizard

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    • Posted by Nandini Gupta 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 2 answers

    Parasnath Parasnath 6 years, 2 months ago

    During digestion bacteria

    2Thank You

    Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago

    Municipal waste-water which contains large amounts of organic matter is called sewage.

    Before disposal, hence, sewage is treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) by the heterotrophic microbes to make it less polluting.

    Sewage treatment is carried out in two stages.

    1. Primary treatment –
    • These treatment steps basically involve physical removal of large and small particles.
    • Initially, floating debris is removed by sequential filtration and then the grit are removed by sedimentation.
    • All solids that settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent.
    • The effluent from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
    1. Secondary treatment or biological treatment-
    • The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated which allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs.
    • Flocs are the masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures.
    • While growing, the microbes significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) which is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize total organic matter in the effluent.
    • The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms, the greater the BOD of waste water, more is its polluting potential.
    • The effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to sediment and the sediment is called activated sludge .
    • A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
    • The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters where other kinds of bacteria grow anaerobically which digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge.
    • During digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide which form biogas .
    • The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.

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    • Posted by Vsakshi Mane 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Rìťík Pandat 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Swarnali Mistri 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Mrutyunjay Khatua 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 0 answers
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    • Posted by Alka Dhanda 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Karan Sekhon 6 years, 2 months ago

    Expensive setup

    2Thank You

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    • Posted by Utkarsh Gautam 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 2 answers

    Kaptan Singh 6 years, 2 months ago

    DNA Fragments migrate in gelelectrophoresis. They can be separated according to their size. Dye used to visualize these fragments is ethedium bromide.

    1Thank You

    Karan Sekhon 6 years, 2 months ago

    In gelelectrophoresis...through sieves of agarose gel

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    • Posted by Md Sheikh 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago

    The stem is used as explants by scientists.

    Under aseptic conditions, the explant is grown in a nutrient medium. The tissue proliferates to form undifferentiated mass. This mass is transferred to a medium containing growth hormones.

    The technology used for crop improvement is plant breeding.

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    • Posted by Nikhil Singh 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 2 answers

    Karan Sekhon 6 years, 2 months ago

    Ability of cell to divide and form complete organism

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    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    When a single cell is capable or potent of growing into a whole plant.This ability or potency of cell is called totipotency

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    • Posted by Nilesh Ghodela 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    Nucleases are actually restriction enzymes because they cut dna(in nucleus) .they are of two types endonuclease and exonuclease. Exonuclease cut dna at its terminal ends Endonuclease cut dna at specific sites called restriction enzyme recognition sites and at pallondromic sequence.

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    • Posted by Asbina Upreti 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 2 answers

    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    This can be because of no. Of reasons 1.pollen may have lose its viability before pollination has occured. 2.stigma of flower may not become receptive yet. 3.or there is always a dialogue b/w stigma and pollen grain i.e. chemical interaction that decides whether to start pollen tube germination or not on stigma it simply means that pollen grain must be compatible with stigma as not any pollen can grow at any stigma...

    0Thank You

    Nishu Goyal 6 years, 2 months ago

    Might the stigma doesn't accept pollen grain for germination due to genetic reason

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    • Posted by Pooja Sachdeva 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 3 answers

    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    Oxytocin. Because it increases uterine contractions.

    0Thank You

    Kaif Khan 6 years, 2 months ago

    Oxytocin

    0Thank You

    Pooja Sachdeva 6 years, 2 months ago

    Doctors inject artificial chemical oxytocin to induce delivery .this was happen in those case in which pregnant lady didn't feel labour pain .

    0Thank You

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    • Posted by Lily ☺ 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 1 answers

    Meghna Thapar 6 years, 1 month ago

    Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cells are defined as totipotent progenitor cells capable of self renewal and multilineage differentiation. The human body is composed of different cells and tissues but these stem cells are the source for every tissue and organ in the body. A stem cell can easily be differentiated from all other cells in the body by its ability to renew. It can be divided into much more similar cells. The most important function of these stem cells is that they can repair and replace the tissues available in the human body. These cells have strong healing power. For example- When we get injured, stem cells available in our muscles repairs all the damaged tissues in few days. Also, these cells have the exceptional potential to evolve into any type of cell.

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    • Posted by Lily ☺ 6 years, 2 months ago

    CBSE > Class 12 > Biology
    • 2 answers

    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    Chikungunya Pathogen-chikungunya virus Rest all is same symptoms vector prevention

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    Muskaan Vig 6 years, 2 months ago

    Dengue Pathogen-flavivirus Vector-aedes mosquito Dengue fever is Also called break bone fever as joint pain occurs that is very much painful. Symtoms-pain behind eyeballs. Decrease in platelet count and wbcs. Headache muscle pain join pain Prevention-use mosquito repellent creams Remove all sources where mosquito can lay eggs

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