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The DNA structure can be thought of like a twisted ladder. This structure is described as a double-helix, as illustrated in the figure above. It is a nucleic acid, and all nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.The DNA molecule is composed of materials called nucleotides, and each nucleotide is composed of three different components such as sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases.
The basic building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, which are composed of a carbon-sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. The sugar and phosphate groups link the nucleotides together to form each strand of DNA. Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) are four types of nitrogen bases.
These 4 Nitrogenous bases pair together in the following way: A with T, and C with G. These base pairs are essential for the DNA’s double helix structure, which resembles a twisted ladder.
The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the genetic code or the DNA’s instructions.
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Mutation is the change that occurs in our DNA sequence due to environmental factors such as UV light, or due to the mistakes caused when the DNA is copied.
Our DNA can undergo changes in its base sequences A, C, G and T. This results in the changes in proteins that are synthesised by the DNA. Usually, the cells can recognize any damage that can be caused by mutation and repair it before it becomes permanent.
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(a) Restriction Endonucleases These are the bacterial enzymes that cut dsDNA into fragments after recognising and binding to the specific nucleotide sequences, known as recognition site. These enzymes are used to form recombinant molecules of DNA, composed of DNA from different sources.
(b) Gel-Electrophoresis is the technique which allows the visualisation of separated fragments of DNA on an agarose gel matrix.
Since, the DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules, they separate and move towards the anode (+ ve) under the influence of an electric field. DNA fragments are separated on the basis of their size through the sieving effect provided by the gel.
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Sinchana Malagond 6 years, 2 months ago
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