• ollination by wind is called anemophily.

# Characteristics of anemophilous flowers -

• Anemophilous flowers dont have colour to attract insects.
• They dont have scent or nectar.
• They have numerous small flowers.
• Stamens have long filaments and are exposed.
• Their pollen grains are dry, light weight and powdery.
• Stigma is sticky & feathery.

Adaptation for pollination In hydrophilous flower: 
(1) Small and inconspicuous flower. 
(2) Flowers without bright colours, fragrance and nectar.
(3) Florid parts and pollen grains are unwettable. 
(4) Plants in which female flowers are submerged, the pollen grains have specific gravity equal to or slightly more than water. In plants with floating female flowers, a specific gravity of pollen grains is less than that of water. 

Adaptation for pollination in anemophilous flower: 
(1) Mowers small, numerous, inconspicuous. 
(2) The absence of nectar. 
(3) Lack bright colours, fragrance. 
(4) Petals small or highly reduced. 
(5) Male flowers more than female flowers and situated at a higher level. 
(6) Anthem versatile and filaments long. 
(7) Pollen pains smooth, dry, light in weight. 
(8) Pollen grains are produced in large numbers to compensate their wastage. 

A flower is a reproductive part of a plant. It helps in sexual reproduction as it has male parts and female parts. A fully opened flower has the following parts:  Stalk—A flower is attached to the shoot by means of stalk or pedicel stalk. The tip of the stalk is swollen or flattened. This is called torus or thalamus or receptacle. The different parts of a flower are inserted on the thalamus. There are usually four whorls as  Calyx (Sepals)  Corolla (Petals)  Androecium (stamens)  Gynoecium (Carpels) Present on the thalamus  1. Sepals (Calyx): These are the outermost part of the flower. These are leaf like and green in colour. This is the outer covering of the flower and form outer whorl in a flower. The Calyx (sepals) enclose the inner parts of the flower when it is a bud. It is protective in function.  2. Corolla (Petals): Petals form the second whorl inner to the sepals. These are usually coloured, gaudy, or white in colour and scented and give sweet smell. The value of a flower is due to the attractive colour of the petals. These attract the insects for pollination.  3. Stamens (Androecium): The third whorls inner to the petals are stamens. This third whorl is called Androecium. These are the male parts of the flower. Each stamen is formed of a long narrow, hair like structure called filament. On its tip it bears, a rounded broad sac like structure called anther. Each anther has two anther lobes. Each anther lobe has two pollen sacs which have powdery mass called pollen grains.  4. Carpels (Gynoecium): Carpels are the inner most or fourth whorl in a flower. It is lodged on the thalamus and forms the female part of a flower. This whorl of carpels is called gynoecium. Each carpel or pistil has three parts.  (a) The lower most, swollen part is ovary. It is attached to the thalamus.  (b) The middle part is style which is narrow, thread like.  (c) Stigma: The style ends in a knob like, rounded structure which is sticky in nature to receive the pollen grains. The ovaries contain ovules which later turn into seeds after fertilization and the ovary wall forms the fruit sometimes the thalamus also becomes a part of the fruit as in apple.

Apomixis is the mechanism of seed production without involving the process of meiosis and syngamy. It plays an important role in hybrid seed production. The method of producing hybrid seeds by cultivation is very expensive for farmers. Also, by sowing hybrid seeds, it is difficult to maintain hybrid characters as characters segregate during meiosis. Apomixis prevents the loss of specific characters in the hybrid. Also, it is a cost-effective method for producing seeds.

Apomixis is the mechanism of seed production without involving the process of meiosis and syngamy. It plays an important role in hybrid seed production. The method of producing hybrid seeds by cultivation is very expensive for farmers. Also, by sowing hybrid seeds, it is difficult to maintain hybrid characters as characters segregate during meiosis. Apomixis prevents the loss of specific characters in the hybrid. Also, it is a cost-effective method for producing seeds.

Fruits derived from the ovary and other accessory floral parts are called false fruits. On the contrary, true fruits are those fruits which develop from the ovary, but do not consist of the thalamus or any other floral part. In an apple, the fleshy receptacle forms the main edible part. Hence, it is a false fruit.

Embryogenesis is the process of development of an embryo from zygote. In embryogenesis, the zygote undergoes repeated cell division through mitosis. The divisions help in the growth of an embryo. Cells undergo differentiation attaining specific shape, size and function. Cell differentiation occurs at specific location resulting in the production of different tissue, organs and organ system.

Emasculation is the process of removal of stamens from a bisexual flower before they shed pollen in order to prevent self-pollination and permit cross-pollination of . stigma with unwanted pollen. During breeding, the breeder wants to make sure that the desired pollen grains are used for pollination and the stigma is protected from contamination (from unwanted pollen).

Entomophily is a form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by insects. Several insects are reported to be responsible for the pollination (potential or effective) of many plant species, particularly bees, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), wasps, flies, ants and beetles.

Allogamy the process of cross-fertilizing. It is a terminology utilised in the field of biological reproduction describing the fertilization of an ovum from one individual with the spermatozoa of another. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species is called allogamy. Allogamy is the common form of out-breeding. It leads to heterozygosity. Such species develop heterozygous balance and exhibit vital inbreeding depression on selfing.

Flowers which are never open to ensure self-pollination is called cleistogamy. They remain closed so that cross-pollination does not occur.
Cleistogamy has the advantage that the plant produces assured seed set even in the absence of pollinators and disadvantage is that self-pollination occur which reduces chances of variation and evolution of genetically superior progen

Opening of flowers only after the completion of pollination is known as chasmogamy. This also promotes self-pollination and is found in crops like wheat, barley, rice and oats. Chasmogamous flowers have exposed anthers and stigmata similar to the flowers of other species.

Geitonogamy

• Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of another flower of same plant
• It is functionally cross-pollination, but genetically self-pollination

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is termed as Pollination. This transfer of pollen grains occurs with the help of pollinating agents like wind, water, insects, birds etc.

Filiform system assists in entering a pollen tube into an ovule synergy. The filiform device is a finger-like projection consisting of an enclosed core of microfibrils in a sheath. The filiform apparatus resembles the transfer cells “meaning the movement of metabolites at short distances. The filiform system which extracts food from the nucleus.

Lysergic acid is generally produced by hydrolysis of natural lysergamides, but can also be synthesized in the laboratory by a complex total synthesis for example by Robert Burns Woodward's team in 1956. An enantioselective total synthesis based on a palladium-catalyzed domino cyclization reaction has been described in 2011 by Fujii and Ohno. Lysergic acid monohydrate crystallizes in very thin hexagonal leaflets when recrystallized from water. Lysergic acid monohydrate, when dried (140 °C at 2 mmHg or 270 Pa) forms anhydrous lysergic acid.

People with blood types A and B may have higher risks for developing dangerous blood clots compared to people who have type O blood. That's according to new research that also showed a slightly higher risk for certain types of heart disease among the A and B groups. Of the eight main blood types, people with type O have the lowest risk for heart disease. People with types AB and B are at the greatest risk, which could be a result of higher rates of inflammation for these blood types. A heart-healthy lifestyle is particularly important for people with types AB and B blood.

If a sperm penetrates the egg, fertilization results. Tiny hairlike cilia lining the fallopian tube propel the fertilized egg (zygote) through the tube toward the uterus. The cells of the zygote divide repeatedly as the zygote moves down the fallopian tube to the uterus. The zygote enters the uterus in 3 to 5 days.

tRNA is called an adapter molecule because it attaches itself via initiation and elongation factors to the ribosome- mRNA complex which facilitates the incorporation of the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain by its specific anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Francis Crick suggested that each amino acid has specific "adapter", a molecule which recognizes specific piece of DNA. Assembly of amino acids is determined by a recognition between the adaptor and DNA molecule which serves as the informational template.

HIV first attacks macrophages and replicates inside these immune cells to release viral progeny. This is followed by an attack on T lymphocytes for the production of more viral progeny. The result is the destruction of macrophages and T lymphocytes making the person's immune system weak.

Transposons also called as jumping genes are the gene sequences present in the genome of eukaryotic cells that can jump to different locations within a genome.These cause RNA interferance (RNAi) by silencing specific sequence of DNA and is method of cellular defence by all eukaryotic cells.
   Transposons that replicate via RNA are called retrotransposons.They are the type of transpososons that copy themselves to RNA and then back to DNA so that it may integrate back to the genome.The RNA formed from these retrotransposons combine with the mRNA due to complimentarity and forms dsRNA molecule and prevents the translation of the mRNA called gene silencing