Opium is a highly addictive narcotic drug acquired in the dried latex form the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) seed pod. Heroin is derived from the morphine alkaloid found in opium.

Traditionally the unripened pod is slit open and the sap seeps out and dries on the outer surface of the pod. The resulting yellow-brown latex, which is scraped off of the pod, is bitter in taste and contains varying amounts of alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine.

Other synthetic or semisynthetic opium derivatives include fentanyl, methadone, oxycodone and hydrocodone.

Tea, cocoa and coffe are obtained from dried leaves and seeds of different plants. All these contain caffeine.

Reproduction is the process of producing offsprings that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism.

Filiform system assists in entering a pollen tube into an ovule synergy. The filiform device is a finger-like projection consisting of an enclosed core of microfibrils in a sheath. The filiform apparatus resembles the transfer cells “meaning the movement of metabolites at short distances. The filiform system which extracts food from the nucleus.

During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula. Once it reaches the uterus, the morula becomes a blastocyst. The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation. A pregnancy starts with fertilization, when a woman's egg joins with a man's sperm. Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the uterus. If the fertilized egg successfully travels down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, an embryo starts growing.

Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. As the organic material grows, it is converted and used. Green energy is that energy that does not pollute the environment and is renewable in nature. The energy sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, etc. can be called as green energy. This is because these are readily available on Earth, can be naturally replenished and do not even harm the environment.

If in a population more young individuals are present as compared to older individuals, population will increase after some years. This is because of the reason that number of individuals in reproductive age is high and high number individuals will also enter the reproductive age in coming years. Such a population can be represented by an age structure upright pyramid with a wide base, like the one shown below.

Codominance occurs when two different versions – a.k.a. “alleles” – of the same gene are present in a living thing, and both alleles are expressed separately in different parts of an organism. Instead of one trait being dominant over the other, both traits appear.

Trangenic animals are the animals with the modified genome. A foreign gene is inserted into the genome of the animal to alter its DNA. This method is done to improve the genetic traits of the target animal.

Initially, the improvement of genetic traits was done by selective breeding methods. In this, the animals with desired genetic characteristics were mated to produce an individual with improved genetic characteristics. Since this technique was time-consuming and expensive, it was later replaced by recombinant DNA technology.

As per the WHO -World Health Organization, reproductive health can be defined as the total well-being and proper functioning of reproductive organs in all phases of reproduction. This includes a complete state of mental, physical, and social well-being.

There are a number of programs which are directed for maintaining reproductive health. These programs include both small ads and few entertainment shows telecasted on the television for promoting safe sexual habits and awareness about various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). All these efforts by the government and NGOs aim at achieving a reproductively healthy society.

Causes of population of growth:
(1) In older days many deaths occurred due to diseases. But the development in medical sciences has controlled the diseases and brought about decrease in the death rate.
(2) Development in agriculture, better techniques to grow more and better quality food.
(3) Food available at all the times due to better storage conditions. So people do not die of starvation when food is not available.
(4) Man formed houses so that he is protected from wild animals and environment. He is safe from the elements of nature.
Consequences of population growth:
(1) Poverty: If the family is large it will become poor with limited income.
(2) Unhygienic living conditions due to more people living in a small area. This would increase diseases in people.
(3) Housing problem will arise as more houses will be required for the increasing population but they are not built at such a high rate.
(4) Pollution will be an added problem of high population. Large population will cause environmental pollution.

In 1972 Paul Berg began genetic engineering. With the assistance of the lambda phage, he was able to introduce an SV-40 virus gene into a bacterium. Berg is often referred to as ‘Father Of Genetic Engineering’. He received the Nobel Prize in 1980.

To ascertain whether the plant is of pure breed for purple coloured flowers a test cross will be made. In a test cross the given purple coloured plant will be crossed with homozygous plant with white flowers. If all the flowers of the progeny are purple, the plant is homozygous dominant

Law of Dominance states that dominant alleles always mask the recessive alleles. In heterozygous condition always dominant allele is expressed in F₁ generation. The characters that appear in an F₁ generation are called as dominant alleles and which are not expressed are recessive. For example, a cross between any pair of contrasting characters, always dominant character is expressed. But this law is not universal always.

Orange shows the phenomenon of polyembryony.
It is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another but are genetically diverse from the parents.
In botany, it is used to describe the process of seedlings emerging from one embryo.

In developmental biology, embryonic development, also known as embryogenesis, is the development of an animal or plant embryo. Embryonic development starts with the fertilization of an egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell, (spermatozoon). Once fertilized, the ovum becomes a single diploid cell known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of a multicellular embryo after passing through an organizational checkpoint during mid-embryogenesis.[3] In mammals, the term refers chiefly to the early stages of prenatal development, whereas the terms fetus and fetal development describe later stages.

In case of species area relationship given by Alexander von Humboldt, steeper slopes (Z values in the range of 0.6 to 1.2) are obtained when species relationships are plotted among very large areas like the entire continents. Steeper slopes signifies that number of species found increases faster than the area explored in very large areas like the entire continents.

The slope of regression in species-area relationship predicts species richness of an area. It indicates the dependency of species richness on the area as higher slope reflects higher dependency of the area. Taking into account of a large area, such as country, the slope is almost linear with the area. For a smaller area, lower slope value indicates independence of species richness over the area.

Character is feature of the organism or external appearance of the organism.Trait is inherited character and it's detectable variante.g consider one character as Height of plant, it is external appearance or feature while, tall and dwarf are there trait .Traits are in multiple forms and environmentally determined.
Character is a heritable expressed attribute of an organism. Whereas, a trait is a heritable variant of a character. An example would be a phenotypical expression of eye colour would be a trait of the character coloured iris in the eye.
both are same superficially but in terms of genetics both are different. In you read genetics book then you read all time traits are transmitted from one generation to another generation or in simple words from parent to progeny traits are transmitted. You never heared like characters transmit from one generation to another generation, but you heard about phenotype or character of progeny is tall, small, red, yellow, round etc. So in simple words you can say trait is transmitting factor from one generation to another generation and character is a visible factor.c

The period from birth to the natural death of an organism is known as life span. The life span of
(a) Parrot — 140 years
(b) Crow -15 years.