Origin of replication is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of foreign DNA is linked to this sequence. The replication occurs inside the host cells. This new sequence is also responsible for controlling copy number of linked DNA. Therefore, if any person wants to produce many copies of the target DNA he/she should clone in a vector whose origin gives support to high copy number.

A virus is a small parasite that cannot reproduce by itself. Once it infects a susceptible cell, however, a virus can direct the cell machinery to produce more viruses. Most viruses have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material. The nucleic acid may be single- or double-stranded.

When the genetic material is single-stranded RNA then it is the RNA virus.

The viruses that have DNA as genetic material are the DNA viruses. They have the mechanism related to the replication of the DNA and the enzymes. The DNA replication enzyme DNA polymerase has a special quality that is the proofreading which prevents the mutations as it eliminates them. whereas in the RNA viruses they don't have this property as they have RNA polymerase and they dot have his tendency and thus the mutation is faster.

Species diversity is the variety in the number and richness of the species of a region, Western Ghats have greater amphibian species diversity as compared to eastern ghats

Western ghats are continuous mountains from south Kerala to Maharashtra. Its average height is also very high at more than 1000m. But eastern ghats is not that much continuous being split by many major rivers. Its average height is also around 600m.

Usually more biodiversity is found in tropical rainforests which receives very heavy annual rainfall. During southwest monsoon western ghats acts as a barrier for the moisture winds from Arabian sea causing very heavy rainfall. Hence western ghats is full of rainforests.

But eastern ghats is parallel to the north east monsoon winds. So rainfall is low compared to western ghats.

Southwest monsoon rainfall acts as source for many major rivers which makes it very fertile forming rainforests. These rainforests in western ghats acts as a home for more flora and fauna. This is the reason for more biodiversity in western ghats

1. Vectors in genetic engineering is usually a DNA segment used as a carrier for transferring a selected DNA into living cells.
2.  The two examples of vector are plasmid vectors and bacteriophage vector.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to "amplify" small segments of DNA.
Process used for amplification or multiplication of DNA in DNA fingerprinting is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .It is done in invitro system.

A community is a diverse group of organisms that interact in a common location. For instance, a forest, inhabited by animals and various species of plants, as well as soil bacteria and fungi constitutes a biological community. There are many factors that contribute to a biological community.

Sucrose

Pollination by Insects

Bees are the most common biotic pollinating agent. Not only insects, but some of the animals like rats, lizards, bats also help in pollination. Plants are specially adapted based on their pollinators. Therefore, not just any animal/ insect can pollinate a plant.

Some of the factors that attract insects are attractive color of the flower, fragrance and nectar. In some cases, the insect & the plant exhibit a mutual relationship. For example, the Yucca-moth relationship is a mutual one. The insect Moth helps in pollinating the Yucca flower, whereas the flower provides a space in its locule for the moth to lay eggs. The larvae feed on the yucca seed within the fruit.

The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming and he named it 'Penicillin'.

Microbes are diverse-protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic plants viruses, viroid and also prions that are proteinacious infectious agents. They are found everywhere on earth ranging from soil, air water and some inhabitable places.

Bacteria and fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies, which can be seen by necked eyes and very useful in study of microorganisms.

Microbes cause many diseases in human beings, plants and animals. Several microorganisms are useful to man in diverse ways.

Aestivation or “summer sleep”, on the other hand, is the low metabolic process by the animals during summers.Aestivation takes place in cold-blooded animals like snails, earthworms, frogs, etc.

Answer:

 Flower which remains open and exposes the anther and stigma are called chasmogamous flowers. Cleistogamous flowers do not open at all. Because anthers and stigma are not exposed, cross pollination cannot take place in such cases.

Protein expression in bacteria is quite simple; DNA coding for your protein of interest is inserted into a plasmid expression vector that is then transformed into a bacterial cell. Transformed cells propagate, are induced to produce your protein of interest, and then lysed. Col plasmids: These plasmids contain genes that code for bacteriocins, proteins that can kill other bacteria. F-plasmid: Fertility F-plasmids contain tra genes and are capable of conjugation resulting in the expression of *** pilli.

Herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried and labeled plant specimens and data associated with it which is used for scientific study. The specimens are arranged by a classification scheme. These are used for plant identification. It has details of plant locations, habitat, abundance and flowering and fruiting periods. First step in preparing a herbarium specimen is field visit and collection of specimen. The specimen is then spread on blotting sheet and is placed in press for drying. The dry specimen is then mounted on the herbarium sheet. The specimen is preserved using 2% mercuric chloride fungicide. After proper labeling of it, it is finally stored.

In honey bees, the male is haploid while the female is diploid. Haplodiploidy occurs in some insects like bees, ants and wasps. Male insects are haploid because they develop partheno-genetically from unfertilized eggs. The phenomenon is called arehenotoky. Meiosis does not occur during the formation of sperms. Females grow from fertilized eggs and are hence diploid. Queen bee picks up all the sperms from the drone during nuptial flight and stores the same in her seminal vesicle. Formation of worker bees(diploid females) and drones(haploid males) depends upon the brood cells visited by the queen. While visiting the smaller brood cells, the queen emits sperms from its seminal receptacle after laying the eggs. Males are normally fertile haploids due to development from unfertilized eggs. Occasionally diploid infertile males are also produced from heterozygous females through fertilization.

Spermiogenesis is the process by which haploid round spermatids complete an extraordinary series of events to become streamlined spermatozoa capable of motility. Spermiogenesis begins after spermatocytes complete 2 quick successive meiotic reductive divisions to produce haploid round spermatids.

Male reproductive system is located in the pelvis region. It Consists of – a pair of testis, glands, accessory ducts, external genitalia.

Testes-

• Smooth organ situated outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called
• The ******* helps in maintaining the low temperature of the testis which is 2-2.5^O C which is below than the normal internal body temperature.
• Each testisis 4 to 5 cm in length and 2 to 3 cm in width in adults.
• Each testis contains about250 compartments called testicular lobules.
• Each testicular lobules contain one to three highly coiled seminiferous tubules, in which sperms are produced.
• The wall of each seminiferous tubuleis lined by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
• The male germ cells undergo meiosis leading to sperm formation and Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.
• The regions outside the seminiferous tubules called interstitial spaces contain small blood vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells.
• Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called androgens.

Accessory ducts-

• The male accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens.
• The seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the vasa efferentia through rete testis.
• The vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epididymis located along the posterior surface of each testis.
• The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder.
• Vas deferens receives a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
• The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the ***** to its external opening called urethral meatus.

Accessory glands-

• The male accessory glands include paired seminalvesicles, prostate gland and paired bulbourethral glands.
• Accessory glands secrete seminal plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and some enzymes
• Secretion of bulbourethral gland also helps in lubricating the *****.

External genitalia-

• The ***** is the male external genitalia.
• Some special tissues make up the ***** which helps in the erection of the *****.
• The enlarged end of ***** called the glans *****.
• Foreskin, a loose fold of tissue covers the glans *****.

You are given a red flower-bearing pea plant and a red flower-bearing snapdragon plant. How would you find the genotypes of these two plants with respect to the colour of the flower? Explain with the help of crosses. Comment upon the pattern of inheritance seen in these two plants.

answer:

A test cross is required to find out the genotype of both the plant.

One oogonium produce one primary oocyte.
One primary oocyte give rise to 1 functional egg or ovum.
One diploid oogonium will produce single haploid ovum at the end of oogenesis. Hence, five oogonia will produce 5 ova

Unisexual species are those species which have a determined *** and are capable of producing one type of reproductive cell i.e male of female. Some animal species are fishes , human , cat , dog , tiger , horse , turtles etc.