Use and misuse of drugs and alcohol in adolescence. Substance misuse is one of a group of linked behaviours that have recently become more common among young people in westernised societies. This rise has paralleled increasing rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms and of deaths related to substance misuse. Drug misuse is defined as the use of a substance for a purpose not consistent with legal or medical guidelines. It has a negative impact on health or functioning and may take the form of drug dependence, or be part of a wider spectrum of problematic or harmful behaviour 

Medical biotechnology is defined as the application of biotechnology tools for producing medical products that can be used for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases. The best-known products of medical biotechnology are antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections. Throughout the years, Biotechnology has touched all aspects of health and agriculture. Biotechnology is an important field that is applied to these sectors with the aim of improving the different targeted genes and customized medicines.  There are numerous methods applied to biotechnology such as gene treatment, recombinant DNA technology. A more targeted approach is called polymerase establishment revenge which uses genetics along with DNA particles to make a projected illness and put in replace them with healthy genes in the physical body in place of the harmed cells.

Eutrophication is the process in which lakes receive nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and sediment from the surrounding watershed and become more fertile and shallow. The additional nutrients cause algal blooms, additional plant growth and overall poor water quality, making the lake less suitable for recreation. Eutrophication most commonly arises from the oversupply of nutrients, most commonly as nitrogen or phosphorus, which leads to overgrowth of plants and algae in aquatic ecosystems. After such organisms die, bacterial degradation of their biomass results in oxygen consumption, thereby creating the state of hypoxia.

Nodes are the points on a stem where the buds, leaves, and branching twigs originate. They are crucial spots on the plant where important healing, structural support, and biological processes take place. By contrast, internodes are the sections of stem between nodes.

In pond water microorganisms concerned with biodegradation with nitrogen. Aquaculture ponds, such as the common fish production ponds typically contain high concentrations of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, due to regular food supply of the fish along with the presence of other microorganisms. Microorganisms play the role of decomposers in this small ecosystem. They decompose the organic material in the pond and convert it to nutrients, which are returned back to the system, thus completing the nutrient cycle. Thus, microorganisms are essential to a pond or lake.

Hershey and Chase were also able to prove that the DNA from the phage is inserted into the bacteria shortly after the virus attaches to its host. Using a high-speed blender they were able to force the bacteriophages from the bacterial cells after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_entry" title="Viral entry">adsorption</a>. The lack of ³²P-labeled DNA remaining in the solution after the bacteriophages had been allowed to adsorb to the bacteria showed that the phage DNA was transferred into the bacterial cell. The presence of almost all the radioactive ³⁵S in the solution showed that the protein coat that protects the DNA before adsorption stayed outside the cell.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment#cite_note-Hershey-1">[1]</a>}

Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material. They determined that a protective protein coat was formed around the bacteriophage, but that the internal DNA is what conferred its ability to produce progeny inside a bacterium. They showed that, in growth, protein has no function, while DNA has some function. They determined this from the amount of radioactive material remaining outside of the cell. Only 20% of the ³²P remained outside the cell, demonstrating that it was incorporated with DNA in the cell's genetic material. All of the ³⁵S in the protein coats remained outside the cell, showing it was not incorporated into the cell, and that protein is not the genetic material.

Hershey and Chase's experiment concluded that little sulfur-containing material entered the bacterial cell. However no specific conclusions can be made regarding whether material that is sulfur-free enters the bacterial cell after phage adsorption. Further research was necessary to conclude that it was solely bacteriophages' DNA that entered the cell and not a combination of protein and DNA where the protein did not contain any sulfur.