Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity ratios measure the firm’s ability to fulfil its short-term financial obligations.
(i) Current ratio/Working capital ratio This ratio establishes relationship between current assets and current liabilities and is used to assess the short-term financial position of the business concern. Current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be ideal.

Items Included in Current Assets
(a) Current investments
(b) Inventories (Excluding loose tools, stores and spares)
(c) Trade receivables (bills receivable and sundry debtors less provision for doubtful debts)
(d) Cash and cash equivalents (cash in hand, cash at bank, cheques/drafts in hand)
(e) Short-term loans and advances
(f) Other current assets (prepaid expenses, interest receivable, etc.)
Items Included in Current Liabilities
(a) Short-term borrowings
(b) Trade payables (bills payable and sundry creditors)
(c) Other current liabilities (current maturities of long-term debts, interest, accrued but not due on borrowings, interest accrued and due on borrowings, outstanding expenses, unclaimed dividend, calls-in-advance, etc)
(d) Short-term provisions
(ii) Liquid ratio/Quick ratio/Acid test ratio This ratio establishes relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities and is used to measure the firm’s ability to pay the claims of creditors immediately. This ratio is a better indicator of liquidity and 1 : 1 is considered to be ideal.

Items Included in Liquid/Quick Assets
(i) Current investments.
(ii) Trade receivables (bill receivables, debtors less provisions for doubtful debts).
(iii) Cash and cash equivalents.
(iv) Short-term loans and advances.
(v) Other current assets except prepaid expenses.
Items excluded in liquid assets are inventories, prepaid expenses.
Items Included in Current Liabilities
(i) Short-term borrowings.
(ii) Trade payables (bills payable and sundry creditors).
(iii) Other short-term liabilities.
(iv) Short-term provisions.

1. It does not differentiate capital and revenue expenses and incomes. This is because it shows transactions of both natures together at the same place without any showcase of difference.
2. It fails to show the transactions on an accrual basis.
3. It does not define any targets making it incapable of showing surpluses and deficits at the end of the year.
4. Receipts and payments account does not show Non-Cash transactions like depreciation of assets, pilferage etc.

The salaries or commission to partners is a appropriation of profit rather than charge so it is debited to profit and loss appropriation account and shall be credited to respective partners' capital accounts if capitals are fluctuating and to be credited to partners current account if capitals are fixed in nature.

Salary/Commission ...........................Dr.
To Partners' capital/current A/c

Profit and loss appropriation A/C.......................Dr.
To Salary/Commission

Optional

The Registration of a partnership firm is not compulsory under Part vii of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, though it is usually done as registration brings many advantages to the firm. It is optional for partners to set the firm registered and there are no penalties for non-registration.

Bank A/C Dr 8,00,000

To Share Application A/C 8,00,000

Share Application A/C Dr 8,00,000

To Share Capital A/C 8,00,000

Share Allotment A/C Dr 12,00,000

To Share Capital A/C 12,00,000

Bank A/C Dr 12,00,000

To Share Allotment A/C 12,00,000

Share First call A/C Dr 8,00,000

To Share Capital A/C 8,00,000

Bank A/C Dr 8,00,000

To Share First Call A/C 8,00,000

Share Final Call A/C Dr 12,00,000

To Share Capital A/C 12,00,000

Bank A/C Dr 11,52,000

To Share Final Call A/C 11,52,000

Share Capital A/C Dr 1,60,000

To Share Final Call A/C 48,000

To Share Forfeiture A/C 1,12,000

Bank A/C Dr 54,000

Disc on issue of Shares A/C Dr 6,000

To Share Capital A/C 60,000

Share Forfeiture A/C Dr 42,000

To Disc on issue of Shares A/C 6,000

To Capital Reserve 36,000

The goodwill account is debited with the proportionate amount and credited only to the retired/deceased partner’s capital account.

 RATIO ANANLYSIS Introduction The ratio analysis is the most powerful tool of financial analysis. Several ratios calculated from the accounting data can be grouped into various classes according to financial activity or function to be evaluated. DEFINITION: “The indicate quotient of two mathematical expressions and as “The relationship between two or more things’’. It evaluates the financial position and performance of the firm. As started in the beginning many diverse groups of people are interested in analyzing financial information to indicate the operating and financial efficiency and growth of firm. These people use ratios to determine those financial characteristics of firm in which they interested with the help of ratios one can determine.  The ability of the firm to meet its current obligations.  The extent to which the firm has used its long-term solvency by borrowing funds.  The efficiency with which the firm is utilizing its assets in generating the sales revenue.  The overall operating efficiency and performance of firm. Alexander wall is the pioneer of ratio analysis. He presented a detailed system of ratio analysis in the year 1919. Ratio analysis is important one for all management accounting for decision making. Ratio analysis of financial statements stands for the process of determining and presenting the relationship of items and groups of items in the statements. Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. It is a process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of the firm by properly establishing the relationship between the different items of balance sheet and profit and loss account for a meaningful understanding of the financial position and performance of the firm.

Click on the given link for project:

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiFlMXNi9rtAhVJbn0KHRXvDH8QFjAHegQIAxAC" href="https://www.slideshare.net/maikarjunaramavath/ratio-analysis-project-49786063#:~:text=These%20people%20use%20ratios%20to,term%20solvency%20by%20borrowing%20funds." ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.slideshare.net/maikarjunaramavath/ratio-analysis-project-49786063%23:~:text%3DThese%2520people%2520use%2520ratios%2520to,term%2520solvency%2520by%2520borrowing%2520funds.&ved=2ahUKEwiFlMXNi9rtAhVJbn0KHRXvDH8QFjAHegQIAxAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ratio analysis project - SlideShare</a>

Revenue Expenditure- Revenue expenditure refers to the expenditure which neither creates any asset nor causes reduction in any liability of the government.

1. It is recurring in nature.

2. It is incurred on normal functioning of the government and the provisions for various services.

3. Examples: Payment of salaries, pensions, interests, defence services, health services, grants to state, etc.

Capital Expenditure- Capital expenditure refers to the expenditure which either creates an asset or causes a reduction in the liabilities of the government.

1. It is non-recurring in nature.

2. It adds to capital stock of the economy and increases its productivity through expenditure on long period development programmers, like Metro or Flyover.

3. Examples: Loan to states and Union Territories, expenditure on building roads, flyovers. Factories, purchase of machinery etc., repayment of borrowings, etc.

When the security offered by company to take loan is not enough , company offers it's own debentures to the lender as collateral security. On repayment of such loan lender should surrender debentures as well.
Debentures issued as collateral security is secondary or parallel security for the original loan taken by the company. The lender can realize the collateral security in case borrower fails to make the payment of the original loan.