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Varun Banda 8 years, 3 months ago
Indian Railways strike of 1974 is a saga of heroism of ordinary railway workers and their families who dared to stand up against the might of the Indian state. It is the most widespread revolt by the working class in independent India and the biggest strike in the history of Indian Railway. How many of us know about this heroic story of the ordinary railwaymen resisting terror unleashed by the Indira Gandhi regime?Indian Railways strike of 1974 The strike commenced on 8 May 1974. The strike was brutally suppressed by government with thousands being sent to jail and losing their jobs. The strike was called off on 27 May 1974. The 1974 strike forced political parties across the spectrum to spell out their stand clearly. The strike also provided a stunning launch pad to mass appeal for those like George Fernandes who, as the president of the All India Railwaymen's Federation (AIRF), was the main leader of the strike. Although portrayed as a failure, the strike achieved later what it sought to achieve then.
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Naveen Sharma 8 years, 4 months ago
द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध का अंत दुनिया में दो महाशक्तियों- संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ के प्रादुर्भाव के साथ हुआ। बाद के दशकों में, इन महाशक्तियों की आपसी वैचारिक प्रतिद्वंद्विता और रणनीतियां अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति की प्रमुख विशेषता बनीं और प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से विश्व के प्रायः हर हिस्से को प्रभावित करती रहीं। सम्पूर्ण विश्व पर अपना वर्चस्व स्थापित करने की दोनों ही महाशक्तियों की आकांक्षा ने इनके मध्य एक शत्रुतापूर्ण प्रतिस्पर्धा को जन्म दिया जिसे विद्वानों ने शीत युद्ध के रूप में वर्णित किया। मोटे तौर पर यह शीत युद्ध सन् 1945 ई. में द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध की समाप्ति के पश्चात से लेकर सन् 1991 ई. में सोवियत संघ के विघटन तक चलता रहा।
शीत युद्ध एक ऐसी स्थिति को दर्शाता है जिसमें साम्यवादी और पूंजीवादी धड़े के बीच राजनीतिक संघर्ष, सैन्य तनाव, छद्म युद्ध, और आर्थिक प्रतिस्पर्धा की स्थिति बनी रही । दूसरे शब्दों में शीत युद्ध वास्तव में युद्ध में लिप्त हुए बिना दोनों धडों के बीच दुश्मनी की स्थिति को दर्शाता है। यह शब्द अंग्रेजी लेखक और पत्रकार जॉर्ज ऑरवेल द्वारा ब्रिटिश अखबार ट्रिब्यून में 19 अक्टूबर 1945 ई. को प्रकाशित आलेख “यू एंड एटम बम” में गढ़ा था। ऑरवेल ने ‘शीत युद्ध’ शब्द का प्रयोग परमाणु युद्ध के खतरे के साये में जी रही दुनिया के सन्दर्भ में किया था और उन्होंने इस अवस्था को ‘शांतिविहीन शान्ति’ की संज्ञा दी। इसके पश्चात वाल्टर लिपमैन ने अपनी पुस्तक “कोल्ड वार” के माध्यम से इस शब्द को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति के अध्ययन में लोकप्रियता प्रदान की। भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू के अनुसार वास्तव में 'शीत युद्ध', महाशक्तियों की ‘शक्ति का संतुलन’ अपने पक्ष में बनाए रखने की चिरकालिक अभिलाषा की एक नये रूप में अभिव्यक्ति था।
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Shubham Kataria 8 years, 3 months ago
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