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The major factors of soil formation are:

1. Nature of the Parent rock: Determines colour, texture, chemical properties minerals, content, permeability.
2. Relief: Altitude and slope, determine the accumulation of soil.
3. Flora, fauna and micro-organism: Affect the rate of humus formations.
4. Climate: Temperature, Rainfall influence rate weathering and humus formation.
5. Time: Determines the thickness of soil profile.

On the basis of systematic approach , there are 3 branches of geography.

2 branches of geography

Branches of Geography {based on systematic approach} : - 1. Physical Geography ● Geomorphology ● Climatology ● Hydrology ● Soil Geography 2. Human Geography ● Social/Cultural Geography ● Population and Settlement Geography ● Economic Geography ● Historical Geography ● Political Geography 3. Biogeography ● Plant Geography ● Zoo Geography ● Ecology/Ecosystem ● Environmental Geography

Branches

Godavari is the longest river of peninsular India. Godavari, also known as 'Dakshin Ganga' – the South Ganges, the second longest river of India after the Ganges, is the longest river of peninsular India.

An economy encompasses all activity related to production, consumption, and trade of goods and services in an area. An economy applies to everyone from individuals to entities such as corporations and governments.

Economics deals with maintaining an efficient balance between unlimited wants and limited resources in everyone's life. Economics also deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Planets which are after asteroid belt are outer planets and which are before asteroid belt are inner planet....and inner planets are also called gaseous planet... ◆inner (mercury, venus. earth. mars) ◆outer ( jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune)

An alluvial fan is a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt.This sediment is called alluvium.....Alluvial fans are usually created as flowing water interacts with mountains, hills, or the steep walls of canyons. Streams carrying alluvium can be trickles of rainwater, a fast-moving creek, a powerful river, or even runoff from agriculture or industry. As a stream flows down a hill, it picks up sand and other particles—alluvium. .............................. For more information visit https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/alluvial-fan/

Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations. Only about 25 countries recognize Taiwan as an independent country. Due to political pressure from China, Taiwan does not maintain an embassy in the United States, and the United States has not recognized Taiwan since January 1, 1979.

Biogeography ● Plant Geography : In this branch of biogeography, we study about the spatial pattern of natural vegetation in their habitats. ● Zoo Geography : In this branch of biogeography, we study about the spatial patterns and geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats. ● Ecology/Ecosystem : This branch of biogeography deals with the scientific study of the habitats characteristic of species. ● Environmental Geography : This branch of biogeography concerns world over leading to the realisation of environmental problems such as land gradation, pollution and concerns for introduction of this new branch in geography.

Systematic approach was given by Alexander Von Humboldt. In this approach, a phenomenon is studied world over as a whole and then the identification of special patterns is done. Regional approach was given by Karl Ritter. In this approach, the earth is divided into various regions and then the identification of all special patterns is done.

Tributaries of : - 1. Indus River - (Left tributaries-Zanskar River, Suru River, Soan River, Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi River, Beas River, Sutlej River, Panjnad River, Ghaggar-Hakra River, Luni River); (Right tributaries-Shyok River, Hunza River, Gilgit River, Swat River, Kunar River, Kabul River, Kurram River, Gomal River, Zhob River)..... 2. Brahmaputra River - (Left tributaries- Dibang River, Lohit River, Dhansiri River, Kolong River); (Right tributaries- Kameng River, Manas River, Beki River, Raidak River, Jaldhaka River, Teesta River, Subansiri River)..... 3. Ganga River - (Left tributaries-Ramganga, Garra, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Burhi Gandak Koshi, Mahananda); (Right tributaries- Yamuna, Tamsa, Son, Punpun, Kiul, Karamnasa, Chandan)..... 4. Godavari River - (Left tributaries- Banganga, Kadva, Shivana, Purna, Kadam, Pranahita, Indravati, Taliperu, Sabari); (Right tributaries- Nasardi, Darna, Pravara, Sindphana, Manjira, Manair, Kinnerasani)..... 5. Krishna River - (Left tributaries- Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paleru, Munneru; (Right tributaries- Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra)..... 6. Yamuna River - (Left tributaries- Hindon, Sharda, Giri, Rishiganga, Hanuman Ganga, Sasur Khaderi); (Right tributaries- Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sindh, Tons)..... 7. Narmada River - (Left tributarties- Burhner River, Banjar River, Sher River, Shakkar River, Dudhi River, Tawa River, Ganjal River, Chhota Tawa River, Kaveri River, Kundi River, Goi River, Karjan River); (Right tributaries- Hiran River, Tendoni River, Choral River, Kolar River, Man River, Uri River, Hatni River, Orsang River)..... 8. Mahanadi River - (Left tributaries- Seonath, Mand, Ib, Hasdeo); (Right tributaries- Ong, parry river, Jonk, Telen)..... 9. Cauvery River - (Left tributaries- Harangi Reservoir, Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathy; (Right tributaries- Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani River, Noyyal, Amaravati River, Moyar River)..... 10. Tapi River - Purna River, Girna River, Gomai, Panzara, Pedhi, Arna.....

Globe is an artificial model of earth.

Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts. Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics due to presence of clouds. Generally, at the same latitude the insolation is more over the continent than over the oceans because more clouds over the oceans reflect sun rays back into space.

The continuous flow of huge amount of water in a definite direction is reffered as Ocean currents.Ocean currents are like river flow in oceans,representing a regular volume of water in a definite path and direction. The mixing of warm and cold currents help to replenish the oxygen and favour the growth of planktons which is the primary food for fish population.Mainly in these zones,the best fishing grounds of the world exist.

There are three distinct stages in the evolution of the earth :

Stage I : In this stage planetesimals accretion happened and the earth originated. It was a barren, rocky and hot object-with a thin atmosphere of hydrogen and helium.
Stage II : Development of Lithosphere :
(i)The primordial earth was mostly in volatile state. Its density gradually increased, the temperature inside increased. As a result, the material inside started getting separated depending upon their densities.
(ii)The heavier materials like nickel and iron sank towards the centre of the earth and the lighter ones moved towards the surface. Over a period of time it cooled and solidified and condensed into a smaller size which later led to the formation of crust.
(iii)There was a giant-impact on the earth during the formation of the moon which heated it up further which lead to differentiated layered structure of the earth. Starting from the surface of the earth to the central part, distinct layers like crust, mantle, outer core and inner core were formed.
Stage III : Evolution of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere :
There are three stages in the evolution of the present day atmosphere
(a) Loss of primordial atmosphere containing a thin layer of hydrogen and helium as a result of stripping off by solar winds.

(b) The hot interior of the earth : Contributing to the evolution of the earth. The gases were outpoured from the interior of the earth during the cooling of the earth through the process called degassing. This started the evolution of the early atmosphere which largely contained water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and very little of free oxygen.
(c) Finally, the composition of the atmosphere was modified by the living world through the process of photosynthesis.
Formation of Hydrosphere : The continuous volcanic eruptions contributed water vapour and gases to the atmosphere. As the earth cooled, the water vapour released started getting condensed. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere got dissolved in rainwater and the temperature further decreased causing more condensation and more rains. The rainwater falling onto the surface got collected in the depressions to give rise to oceans. Thus earth's oceans (hydrosphere) were formed within 500 million years from the formation of the earth. The process of photosynthesis was initially confined to oceans only and thus oceans started filling up with the oxygen. Eventually, oceans got saturated with oxygen and the oxygen started to flood the atmosphere.