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Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Effective speaking depends on effective listening. It takes energy to concentrate on hearing and to concentrate on understanding what has been heard. Incompetent listeners fail in a number of ways. First, they may drift. Their attention drifts from what the speaker is saying. Second, they may counter. They find counter-arguments to whatever a speaker may be saying. Third, they compete. Then, they filter. They exclude from their understanding those parts of the message which do not readily fit with their own frame of reference. Finally, they react. They let personal feelings about the speaker or subject overside the significance of the message which is being sent. What can a listener do to be more effective? The first key to effective listening is the art of concentration. If a listener positively wishes to concentrate on receiving a message, his chances of success are high! It may need determination. Some speakers are difficult to follow either because of voice problems or because of the form in which they send a message. There is then a particular need for the determination of a listener to concentrate on what is being said. Concentration is helped by alertness. Mental alertness is helped by physical alertness. It is not simply physical fitness but also positioning of the body, the limbs, and the head. Some people also find it helpful to their concentration if they hold the head slightly to one side. One useful way for achieving this is intensive note-taking, by trying to capture the critical headings and subheadings the speaker is referring to. Note-taking has been recommended as an aid to the listener. It also helps the speaker. It gives him confidence when he sees that listeners are sufficiently interested to take notes, the patterns of eye contact when the note taker looks up can be very positive; and the speaker’s timing is aided he can see when a note-taker is writing hard and can then make effective use of pauses. Posture too is important. Consider the impact made by a less competent listener who pushes his chair backward and slouches. An upright posture helps a listener’s concentration. At the same time, it is seen by the speaker to be a positive feature amongst his listeners. Effective listening skills have an impact on both the listener and the speaker. (a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary and also suggest a suitable title. (b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes.
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Sivadoss. P 1 month ago

a) Effective listening leads to ______________. b) State any one hurdle that comes in the way of effective listening? c) Give one reason why it is difficult to understand what some speakers say? d) How is note making useful for the speakers? e) What do you understand by physical alertness from the passage? f)Find a word from the passage which is the antonym of ‘superficial’
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Yo
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Gitisha Agarwal 2 years, 4 months ago

1st when khushwant singh lived with his grandmother in the village without his parents they had gone to live in the city. 2nd when both shifted to the city and shared the same room. 3rd when the writer joined the university and was given a room of his own
(a) On the basis of your reading of the passage, make notes on it in points only, using abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable title. (b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words, using the notes you have made. The first crisis the lunar explorers faced came just short of moon fall. The Apollo 11 Lunar Module, code – named ‘eagle’, was still 9.5 km (6 miles) up when the vital guidance computer began flashing an alarm. It was overloading. Any second it could give up the ghost under the mounting pressure and nothing the two astronauts could do would save the mission. Emergencies were nothing new to Commander Neil Armstrong but he and his co – pilot Buzz Aldrin hadn’t even practiced for this one on the ground – no one believed it could happen. Sweeping feet first towards their target, they pressed ahead as controllers on Earth waited heart – in – mouth. Racing against the computer, Eagle slowed and then pitched upright to stand on its rocket plume and gave Armstrong his first view of the landing site. The wrong one! They had overshot by four miles into unfamiliar territory and were heading straight for a football field size crater filled with boulders “the size of Volkswagens”. With his fuel running out, and only a minute’s flying time left, Armstrong coolly accelerated the hovering Eagle beyond the crater, touching 88 km/h (55mph). Controllers were puzzled and alarmed by the unplanned manoeuvres. Mission Director George Hale pleaded silently: “Get it down, Neil. Get it down.” The seconds ticked away. “Forward, drifting right,” Aldrin said. And then, with less than 20 seconds left, came the magic word: “Contact!” Armstrong spoke first: “Tranquillity base here, the Eagle has landed.” His words were heard by 600 million people – a fifth of humanity. About six and a half hours later, Eagle’s front door was opened and Armstrong backed out onto a small porch. He wore a €200,000 moon suit, a sort of thermos flask capable of stopping micrometeoroids travelling 30 times faster than a rifle bullet. He carried a backpack which weighed 49 kg and enough oxygen for a few hours. Heading down the ladder, Armstrong unveiled a €200,000 TV camera so the world could witness his first step: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” It was 3.56 am, 21 July, 1969.
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The first crisis the lunar explorers faced came just short of moon fall. The Apollo 11 Lunar Module, code – named ‘eagle’, was still 9.5 km (6 miles) up when the vital guidance computer began flashing an alarm. It was overloading. Any second it could give up the ghost under the mounting pressure and nothing the two astronauts could do would save the mission. Emergencies were nothing new to Commander Neil Armstrong but he and his co – pilot Buzz Aldrin hadn’t even practiced for this one on the ground – no one believed it could happen. Sweeping feet first towards their target, they pressed ahead as controllers on Earth waited heart – in – mouth. Racing against the computer, Eagle slowed and then pitched upright to stand on its rocket plume and gave Armstrong his first view of the landing site. The wrong one! They had overshot by four miles into unfamiliar territory and were heading straight for a football field size crater filled with boulders “the size of Volkswagens”. With his fuel running out, and only a minute’s flying time left, Armstrong coolly accelerated the hovering Eagle beyond the crater, touching 88 km/h (55mph). Controllers were puzzled and alarmed by the unplanned manoeuvres. Mission Director George Hale pleaded silently: “Get it down, Neil. Get it down.” The seconds ticked away. “Forward, drifting right,” Aldrin said. And then, with less than 20 seconds left, came the magic word: “Contact!” Armstrong spoke first: “Tranquillity base here, the Eagle has landed.” His words were heard by 600 million people – a fifth of humanity. About six and a half hours later, Eagle’s front door was opened and Armstrong backed out onto a small porch. He wore a €200,000 moon suit, a sort of thermos flask capable of stopping micrometeoroids travelling 30 times faster than a rifle bullet. He carried a backpack which weighed 49 kg and enough oxygen for a few hours. Heading down the ladder, Armstrong unveiled a €200,000 TV camera so the world could witness his first step: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” It was 3.56 am, 21 July, 1969.
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Gitisha Agarwal 2 years, 4 months ago

The portrait of a lady is a beautiful heart warming story of a loving relationship between the writer and his grandmother. Which has a description of their attachment to each other which withstood all the changes in time and values
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Kritika Yadav 2 years, 4 months ago

Phata purana in hindi

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