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Bead the passage given below and answer the questions that follow During starvation a person is able to survive for a considerable stretch of time Despite the obvious stress, the body is able to cope because of an internal physiological process of "self-cannibalisation" through which the body makes use of its inessential and damaged cellular components by breaking them down and reassembling them into useful proteina and the nutrients needed to sustain its essential functions This is called autophagy, which literally means "self-devouring in ancient Greek (auto meaning self, and phagein meaning to eat). It is a process that has been evolutionarily conserved and is intrinsic to all organisms, from unicellular yeast to multicellular mammalian systems like humans. In fact, without autophagy our cells could not survive. It is an essential part of the body's self-renewal process. As the scientist Juleen Zierath, a member of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, pointed out in a post-announcement interview, every day 200-300 grams of proteins need to be replaced in the human body, but, on average, the intake is only about 70 g of proteins, which is insufficient to take care of the requirement to make new proteins. "Because of this machinery. we are able to rely on some of our own proteins so that we can sustain and we survive," she said. Thus, autophagy maintains normal functioning "homeostasis" (the tendency of a biological system to actively maintain the fairly stable internal equilibrium conditions necessary for survival despite changing external conditions) by protein degradation and the recycling of destroyed components from the cytoplasm of cella (the part exterior to the cell nucleus) for new cell formation. This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to the 71-year-old Japanese biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi of the Tokyo Institute of Technology for unravelling in the 1990s the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy. He was the first to visually observe the process. The concept of autophagy was known in the 1960s itself. In fact, the phrase was coined in 1963 by the Belgian scientist Christian de Duve, who was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery in the 1950s of what is called lysosome. However, the mechanism and physiological relevance remained poorly understood until Ohsumi appeared on the scene. His work dramatically transformed the understanding of this important physiological process. (a) On the basis of your reading of the passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations (whenever necessary-minimum 4). Give a suitable heading to it. (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words using your notes
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Nithish Prem 1 year, 4 months ago

Upper Paleolithic period important point
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Shivansh Sharma 5 months ago

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Vibha Balyan 8 months, 3 weeks ago

what made the boys return the horse??

Sanjay Rahar 1 month, 2 weeks ago

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Inayat Kashyap 1 year, 4 months ago

In the poem, the word 'cardboard' stands for the frame that supports and borders the photograph. The photograph shows the poet's mother as a twelve year old girl with two of her cousins, Betty and Dolly. The word 'cardboard' has been used to depict that the photograph is many years old.
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Ansh Chhetri 1 year, 5 months ago

The cardboard shows the photograph of the author's mother

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