Ans. 
When the hydrogen bond is present between two atoms of the same molecule, then it is known as intramolecular hydrogen bond.

<font color="#262626" face="q_serif, Georgia, Times, Times New Roman, serif">For example, intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs in ethylene glycol (C₂H₄(OH)₂) between its two hydroxyl groups due to the molecular geometry.</font>

When the hydrogen bond is present between two atoms of the same molecule, then it is called as intramolecular hydrogen bond.

Eg. In the above image, the dotted line represents the intramolecular bonding between hydrogen and oxygen of the same molecule.

Ans. The heat capacity of anything tells us how much heat is required to raise a certain amount of it by one degree. For a gas we can define a molar heat capacity C - the heat required to increase the temperature of 1 mole of the gas by 1 K.

$Q = nC∆T$

The value of the heat capacity depends on whether the heat is added at constant volume, constant pressure, etc.

C_V, the heat capacity at constant volume, and C_P, the heat capacity at constant pressure.

Heat Capacity at Constant Volume C_V: 

Q = nC_VΔT

For an ideal gas, applying the First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that heat is also equal to:

Q = ΔE_int + W, although W = 0 at constant volume.

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure: 

For an ideal gas at constant pressure, it takes more heat to achieve the same temperature change than it does at constant volume. At constant volume all the heat added goes into raising the temperature. At constant pressure some of the heat goes to doing work.

Q = nC_PΔT

For an ideal gas, applying the First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that heat is also equal to:

Q = ΔE_int + W

At constant pressure W = PΔV = nRΔT

Ans. Hyperconjugation is the stabilising interaction that results from the interaction of the electrons in a σ-bond (usually C-H or C-C) with an adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbital or a π-orbital to give an extended molecular orbital that increases the stability of the system.

Polar covalent bond means there is electronegativity difference in the atoms forming covalent bond.for example HCI, H is electropositive in nature whereas Cl is electronegative .

Non polar covalent bond means there is no electronegativity difference between the atoms forming covalent bond.for example Cl2 

Ans. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons than the other atom. In polar covalent bonds, one atom has a stronger pull than the other atom and attracts electrons. e.g. H₂O

Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule. e.g. Cl₂

1) 1mole of O₃ weighs 48g. 1mole contains 6.022*10^23 molecules.

So 1molecule of O₃ weighs  (48*1)/6.022*10^23 g. =7.97*10^-23g.

2) 1 mole of Na weighs 23g. The same way,

1molecule of Na weighs (23*1)/6.022*10^23 g. =3.81*10^-23g.

Sorry : Correct name is 1-Methoxy-2-(MethoxyMethoxy)Ethane
 

Solution : IUPAC Name of compound CH3-O-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 is 1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxymethoxy)ethane. 

Ans. 1-Methoxy-2-(2-MethoxyMethoxy)Ethane

Electrode potential, <i>E</i>, in chemistry or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>, according to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> definition,^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode_potential#cite_note-1">[1]</a>} is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> of a<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">cell</a> built of two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>:

• on the left-hand side is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a>, and
• on the right-hand side is the electrode the potential of which is being defined.

By <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a>:

From the above, for the cell with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a> (potential of 0 by convention), one obtains:

The left-right convention is consistent with the international agreement that redox potentials be given for reactions written in the form of reduction half-reactions.

Electrode potential is measured in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> (V).

Electrode potential is defined as the potential of a cell consisting of the electrode in question acting as a cathode and the standard hydrogen electrode acting as an anode. Reduction always takes place at the cathode, and oxidation at the anode.

Both boron and thallium belong to group 13 of the periodic table. Boron does not show inert pair effect as it does not have d or f electrons. As we go down the group, the shielding effect of the electrons also decrease therefore the increased nuclear charge down the group is not neutralized by the poor shielding effect of the electrons in the inner orbitals.Due to this the inert pair effect becomes more and more predominant and the s electrons of the valency shell experiences strong attraction .This effect is maximum in thallium and therefore only the 6p1 electrons take part in the bond formation. This makes +1 oxidation state most stable in case of thallium. Therefore TlCl is stable and TlCl3 is unstable. In case of BCl3 , boron does not have d or f orbital , so all the valence electron in the 2s and 2p orbital takes part in the bond formation making BCl3 stable.

Active mass is defined as the molar concentration ie. number of Gram-moles per litre

Active mass for pure liquids and solids is Always taken 1.

if not pure water then
For water, 
density = 1 g/mL = 1000 g/L 
Molar mass = 18.015 g/mol 

so 

1000 g/L = (1000 g/L)/(18.015 g/mol) = 55.51 mol/L

Just remember that like dissolves like. The same way, polar dissolves polar compounds. In this case, NaCl is polar so it gets dissolved in water(which we know is also polar). On the other hand, petroleum is a non polar compound, Therefore, NaCl does not dissolve in it. 

Sodium chloride is an ionic molecule. There exists electronegativity difference between Sodium and Chlorine, which gives polarity to the molecule. Thus sodium chloride is polar molecule.

Generally polar molecules will soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in non-polar solvents. Non-polar molecules will soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents.

As sodium chloride is polar molecule it will be soluble in polar solvents like water. And insoluble in petrol (as it is non-polar solvent).

We know that, electronegative nature decreases down the group, so Li will have higher electronegative character than other elements of the group, and also it has very small size the lithium halides become covalent in nature.

It is because, the small size of Li+ cation will have the maximum tendency to withdraw electrons from anions and so it polarizes the bond and in this process, it distorts the electron clouds of anions which neutralizes some of the charge, and their increases a covalent character.

The Fajan's rule explains that smaller the size of atom higher will be polarizing capacity and so the covalent character will be larger.

So the Lithium halides become partially covalent in nature.

Under the right circumstances light can be used to push electrons, freeing them from the surface of a solid. This process is called the photoelectric effect (or photoelectric emission or photoemission), a material that can exhibit this phenomena is said to be photoemissive, and the ejected electrons are called photoelectrons; but there is nothing that would distinguish them from other electrons. All electrons are identical to one another in mass, charge, spin, and magnetic moment.

The photoelectric effect or photoemission is the production of electrons or other free carriers when light is shone onto a material. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons.

The size of Ga is sampler than Al due to poor screening effect .The electrons in 3d of Ga are occupied ,they have poor screening effect and hence less influence to decrease effective nuclear charge .Therefore electrons in Ga experience more force of attraction than Al resulting in decrease in size.

Hydrogen is the lightest element having atomic mass 1 while halogens are group of elements that includes F, Cl, Br, I etc. Hydrogen acts as both electropositive and electronegative element but halogens are hightly electronegative in nature.

They are coloured because of paramagnetic nature of the compound O₂^-.

According to molecular orbital theory it has an unpaired electron hence it is paramagnetism.

Polarity is separation of electric charge leading to a molecule having electric dipoles.polar molecule interact through intermolecular forces.for example H2O is a polar molecule but CO2 is non polar molecule in which dipoles cancel each other.

Polarity is a physical property of compounds which relate to other physical properties, such as melting and boiling points or solubility. Bond polarities arise from bonds between atoms of different electronegativity. A molecule can be ionic, polar or non-polar.

A polar molecule is formed when one end of a molecule has a positive charge and the opposite end has a negative charge, thus creating electrical poles. A non-polar molecule does not have charges at the ends as the electrons are distributed more symmetrically and cancel each other out.

When trying to create a solution, a polar molecule does not mix with a non-polar molecule. An example of this is seen with water, a polar molecule and oil, anon-polar molecule; the two molecules cannot mix to form a solution. However, water and alcohol can mix to form a solution as they are both polar molecules.

Given

K_p=130.

T=510K

We know that,  K_p=K_c(RT)ⁿ 

balance equation    H₂+I_2$\to$2HI    

Therfore,

K_c=K_p/(RT)ⁿ

=$\frac{130}{(8.314*510{)}^0}$

K_c=130

The metals of 7th, 8th and 9th groups in the periodic table do not form hydrides and this region of periodic table is referred to as the hydride gap.

The metals of group 7,8,9 of the periodic table do not form hydrides as they have low affinity to combine with hydrogen in their normal state.This region is called hydride gap.

Approach: We have PV=nRT

n can be rewritten as {tex}\frac{m}{M}{/tex}, where m is the weight of the gas while M is the molecular mass of the gas. Thus:

{tex}PV = \frac{m}{M}RT{/tex}

The only two variables changing are m and T

Substituting values, we have:

{tex}PV = \frac{{0.200}}{M}R\left( {290} \right){/tex}

{tex}PV = \frac{m}{M}R\left( {390} \right){/tex}

Where m is the mass of the gas remaining in the vessel. Dividing the two equations:

{tex}\frac{{390}}{{290}} = \frac{{0.200}}{m}{/tex}

m = 149mg

From here, the percentage can be calculated easily. Is there any problem with this approach? Or is there any simpler approach that can be used. I am actually supposed to solve this question using Gay-Lussac's Law.

NaOH is a strong base that dissociates completely 
Therefore [OH-] = [NaOH] = 0.001M 

First calculate the pOH of the solution : 
pOH = -log [OH-] 
pOH = -log 0.001 
pOH = 3.00 

pH = 14.00 - pOH 
pH = 14.00 - 3.00 
pH = 11.00

IUPAC naming involves certain set of rules.The first step is to identify the longest carbon chain and name it as alkane,alkene or alkyne depending upon the bond if it is single, double or triple bond. The alkane chain when used as substituent is named as alkyl group. 

Name the carbon chain such that the substituents get the least position.The type of group attached to the carbon chain will decide the suffix attached to the IUPAC name.A cyclic compound is designated by prefix cyclo group attached to it. 

Artificial Sweeteners– In diet sodas, aspartame is used as a substitute for sugar, and can actually be more harmful. It has been linked to almost a hundred different health problems including seizures, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, diabetes, and emotional disorders. It converts to methanol at warm temperatures and methanol breaks down to formaldehyde and formic acid. Diet sodas also increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, which causes belly fat, high blood sugar and raised cholesterol.

Phosphoric Acid -Soda contains phosphoric acid, which interferes with the body’s ability to absorb calcium and can lead to osteoporosis, cavities and bone softening. Phosphoric Acid also interacts with stomach acid, slowing digestion and blocking nutrient absorption. 

The Sugar! – A single can of soda contains the equivalent of 10 teaspoons of sugar. This amount of sugar, especially in liquid form, <a href="http://wellnessmama.com/podcast/stop-sugar-madness/">skyrockets the blood sugar and causes an insulin reaction in the body</a>. Over time, this can lead to diabetes or insulin resistance, not to mention weight gain and other health problems. Soft drink companies are the largest user of sugar in the country.

Caffeine– Most sodas contain caffeine, which has been linked to certain cancers, breast lumps, irregular heart beat, high blood pressure, and other problems.

The Water– The water used in soda is just simple tap water and can contain chemicals like chlorine, fluoride and traces of heavy metals.

Obesity– Harvard researchers have recently positively linked soft drinks to obesity. The study found that 12 year olds who drank soda were more likely to be obese than those who didn’t, and for each serving of soda consumed daily, the risk of obesity increased 1.6 times.

Extra Fructose– Sodas contain High Fructose Corn Syrup, which obviously comes from corn. Most of this corn has been genetically modified, and there are no long term studies showing the safety of genetically modified crops, as genetic modification of crops has only been around since the 1990s. Also, the process of making High Fructose Corn Syrup involves traces of mercury, which causes a variety of long term health problems.

Lack of Nutrients– There is absolutely no nutritional value in soda whatsoever. Not only are there many harmful effects of soda, but there are not even any positive benefits to outweigh them.  Soda is an unnatural substance that harms the body.

Dehydration– Because of the high sugar, sodium and caffeine content in soda, it dehydrates the body and over a long period of time can cause chronic dehydration.

Bad for the teeth– Drinking soda regularly causes plaque to build up on the teeth and can lead to cavities and gum disease.

1. Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides: A vicinal di halide such as 1,2 dichloroethane when treated with sodamide(NaNH₂) yields Ethyne. 

2.Dehalogenations of tetrahaloalkanes.

3.From Calcium Carbide:Higher homologues can be prepared by nucleophilic displacement by acetylide anion. Secondary halodes gives poor yield while tertiary halides cannot be used.

4.By heating Iodoform with silver:

2CHI₃+6Ag$\stackrel{\mathrm{heat}}{\to }$C₂H₂+6Ag

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(i) Biomass gasification is a process of converting solid biomass fuel into a gaseous combustible gas (called producer gas) through a sequence of thermo-chemical reactions. 

Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O)–fromcoal and water, air and/or oxygen.

(ii) Biomass gasification is more advantageous over coal gasification because firstly, coal is fossil fuel and extraction of coal is a cumbersome process with risks of fire accidents during excavation. While, biomass gasification is a simple way of energy tranformation. Biomass is easily available and efficiency in the process is also high comparitively.

(iii) C(s)+H₂O(g)$\stackrel{473-1273K}{\to }$CO(g)+H₂(g)

1.Formation of sodium acetylides.

C₂H₂$\stackrel{\mathrm{Na}}{\to }$$\mathrm{HC}\equiv \mathrm{CNa}$$\stackrel{\mathrm{Na}}{\to }$$\mathrm{NaC}\equiv \mathrm{CNa}$

2.Formation of copper acetylide.

C₂H₂+2AgNO₃+NH₄OH$\to$Ag$C\equiv$CAg+2NH₄NO₃+2H₂0

The d orbital which does not have four lines is called dz2 and is shape is called clover leaf shape.All other d orbital d xy,d yz,d zx and d x2-y2 have four lobes and are called to have double dumb bell structure.

There are three isotopes of protium, deuterium and tritium .out of the three isotopes, tritium is the isotope which is radioactive in nature and it is used in spectroscopy.

Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, one neutron and one electron. It has major applications in nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Tritium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, two neutrons and one electron. It is radioactive, with a half-life of 12.32 years.

The Be-H bonds are polar due to electronegativity difference in them but the molecule BeH2 is non polar because the structure of BeH2 is linear where both Be-H bonds are opposite to each other and cancels each others polarity making it a non polar molecules with dipole moment zero

H<---Be-->H

The dipole moment of BeH₂ has 0 because the two equal bond dipole are present in opposite directions and cancel the effect of each other.

$H↤\mathrm{Be}\mapsto H$