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Amar Kumar 8 years, 3 months ago
Valency is the ability to make bonds,valence electrons are the electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds. For exampleCarbon has a total of 6 electrons . However, 2 of those electrons are in the core of the atom ( in the 1s orbital). The remaining 4 electrons are in the outer 2s and 2p orbitals. Since these 4 electrons are in the outer shell, they can participate in bonding so carbon has a valency of 4.
Oxidation number is a number used to designate how oxidized an atom is in a compound or molecule. It is the hypothetical charge an atom would have if all of its bonds were completely ionic (rather than covalent). Really oxidation state is that allows us to track what is being oxidized or reduced in a chemical reaction by comparing the oxidation states of the reactants to those of the products.
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Raveesh Yadav 8 years, 3 months ago
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness"; for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.
Posted by Swarnali Mondal 8 years, 3 months ago
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Raveesh Yadav 8 years, 3 months ago
oxygen is used in excess for complete combustion. otherwisec it will incomlete combustion leadind to the formation of carbon mono oxide and dense black fumes
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Swarnali Mondal 8 years, 3 months ago
Posted by Mansi Shrivastava 8 years, 3 months ago
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Raveesh Yadav 8 years, 3 months ago
1. Bohr treated electrons as particles where according to de Broglie's hypothesis, having a very low mass, electron also exhibits wave nature.
2. Bohr's model was adequate only for nucleus having only one electron e.g. Hydrogen, He+1, Li+2 etc. Bohr's model could not explain the spectra of multi-electronic atoms.
3. Bohr's model was two-dimensional where an atom is three-dimensional.
4. Using a better spectrometer, the spectra showed very fine lines. Bohr's model could not explain the origin of those fine lines. (Solved by Arthur Sommerfield who imagined electrons orbiting in different planes and having elliptical orbits.)
5. Bohr's model could not explain the effect electric field and magnetic field on spectra. (Stark effect and Zeeman effect)
6. In Bohr's equation, the momentum and position of electron, revolving around the nucleus were well defined. But, according, Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle, it is impossible to measure the position and momentum of electrons precisely. If the position is measure with maximum precision, there will be uncertainty in the value of momentum and vice versa.
Posted by Mansi Shrivastava 8 years, 3 months ago
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Raveesh Yadav 8 years, 3 months ago
Let me explain you in the simplest manner.
For a two object system,
If they repel each other when you move them towards each other, that means it takes work to do this, and the potential energy is positive.
If they attract each other when you move them towards each other, then potential energy of the two object system goes on decreasing.
Potential energy of a two charged object system at a particular orientation is defined as work done by external agent to bring the second body from infinity to desired point in presence of the field created by the first body. Now think the first body to be nucleus and the second body to be electron. Now to find the potential energy, according to potential energy defination I just said above, we need to being the electron from infinity to any desired location, lets say to a distance of "x" from the nucleus. As we have to bring electron from infinite that means initially electron is infinitely far away from nucleus and hence at zero potential.
Potential Energy of electron:
When we are bring the electron towards the nucleus, offcourse they are going to attract each other and as said earlier if two objects attract each other, then potential energy of the system goes on decreasing. So as we move electron towards the nucleus, energy goes on decreasing. Note that initially as electrons and nucleus were at infinite distance from one another, hence initially at zero potential and any further decrease in potential energy implies negative potential energy. So potential energy of the electron is negative inside any atom.
Kinetic Energy of electron:
The electron also has kinetic energy. Kinetic energy can never be negative (because in K.E expression we have squared of velocity which is always positive) and it is smaller in magnitude than the potential energy.
Total Energy of electron:
So the total energy i.e kinetic energy + potential energy is negative
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Pooja Choudhary 8 years, 3 months ago
1Thank You