A n s w e r:
1 mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 litres of volume.

Therefore number of moles in 1.12 litres = 1.12/22.4
                                                                 = 0.05 moles of CO2

Why cannot the motion of an electron around the nucleus be determined accurately?
a n s w e r
Because there is an uncertainty in the velocity of moving electron around the nucleus (Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle).

Chemical Equilibrium
In a chemical reaction chemical equilibrium is defined as the state at which there is no further change in concentration of reactants and products.
For example,

At equilibrium the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. Equilibrium mixture: The mixture of reactants and products in the equilibrium state is called an equilibrium mixtures.

The heat capacity of a substance can be defined as the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree.

In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is defined as the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. It is a transferable property of a bond between atoms of fixed types, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule. Bond parameters refer to the characterization of covalent bond on the basis of various parameters like bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy. Bond length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. Bond lengths are measured by spectroscopic X-ray diffraction and electron-diffraction techniques. In the case of a covalent bond, the contribution from each atom is called the covalent radius of that atom.

In algebraic geometry, a nodal surface is a surface in projective space whose only singularities are nodes. A major problem about them is to find the maximum number of nodes of a nodal surface of given degree.

In the quantum of electromagnetism, Planck’s constant is the physical constant that relates the energy carried by a single photon to its corresponding frequency. Represented by h and measure using J.s in SI system and eV.s in the MKS system.

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.

According to Boyle’s Law P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂

Here the temperature is constant. Therefore

1.2 X 120 = P₂ X 180

OR

P₂ = 1.2 X 120 /180 = 0.8 bar

Therefore, the pressure would be 0.8 bar.

A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles are suspended throughout another substance. However, some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, and others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels.

i. 

A n s w e r
Element mass % = mass ( g ) / At. mass %

Integral ratio of both =

P 27.3 12.

Q 72.7 16

2.275 /4.5= 1 / 2

Therefore, the Empirical formula is PQ2

According to the given reaction:

(i) 1 atom of A will react with molecules of B₂ = 1
300 atoms of A will react with molecules of B₂ = 300
But molecules of B₂ actually available = 200
∴  B₂ is the limiting reactant.

(ii) 1 mol of A reacts with 1 mol of B
∴ 2 mol of A will react with 2 mol of B.
Hence A is the limiting reactant.

A n s w e r

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -----> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 

Initial mass = 6.3 + 15 = 21.3 

Final mass = 18.0 + mass of CO2 

According to law of conservation of mass : 21.3 = 18.0 + mass of CO2 , 

Mass of CO2 = 3.3 g 

Avogadro Law

• It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
  contain equal number of molecules. Mathematically,

• The number of molecules in one mole of a gas = 6.022 ×10²³

According to the valence bond theory, Electrons in a molecule occupy atomic orbitals rather than molecular orbitals. The atomic orbitals overlap on the bond formation and the larger the overlap the stronger the bond.

The metal bonding is essentially covalent in origin and metallic structure involves resonance of electron-pair bonds between each atom and its neighbors.

• An atom consists of heavy positively charged nucleus. The whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
• The electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus in definite circular paths called orbits or energy level.
• Each energy level is associated with definite amount of energy.
•  The change in energy takes place when electron jumps from one energy level to another energy level.

The reactant that is entirely used up in a reaction is called as limiting reagent.

3H₂ + N₂ → 2NH₃

In the reaction given above, 3 moles of Hydrogen gas are required to react with 1 mole of nitrogen gas to form 2 moles of ammonia. But what if, during the reaction, only 2 moles of hydrogen gas are available along with 1 mole of nitrogen.

In that case, the entire quantity of nitrogen cannot be used (because the entirety of nitrogen requires 3 moles of hydrogen gas to react). Hence, the hydrogen gas is limiting the reaction and is therefore called the limiting reagent for this reaction.

From weight percentage given
In PCl₃; 22.57 g of P combines with = 77.43 g of Cl and 1g of P would need = 3.43 g of Cl
and 
In PH₃; 91.18 g of P combines with = 8.82 g of H and 1g of P would need = 0.0967 g of H
​​​​​​their ratio is 35.47 

Now, if we consider the HCl; 
97.23 g of Cl need = 2.77 g of H 
Now, if we compare the ratio of Cl:H here = 97.23/2.77 = 35.10 

Now both the ratio are nearly equal (35.47:35.10) 
Hence, it follows the law of reciprocal proportions