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Amar Kumar 8 years, 1 month ago
Le Chatelier's principle also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. It can be stated as:
When any system at equilibrium is subjected to change in concentration, temperature, volume, or pressure, then the system readjusts itself to counteract (partially) the effect of the applied change and a new equilibrium is established.
In other words, whenever a system in equilibrium is disturbed the system will adjust itself in such a way that the effect of the change will be nullified.
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Buffer action: the ability of the buffer solution to resist the changes in pH value on the addition of small amount of an acid or a base is known as buffer action.
For example: consider an acidic buffer such as a solution containing an equimolar amounts of acetic acid and sodium acetate, the solution contains a large number of sodium ions (Na+), acetate ions (CH3COO–) and also a large number of undissociated acetic acid molecules.
CH3COONa (aq) ————-> CH3COO– (aq) + Na+ (aq)
Suppose, a few drops of HCl are added to this buffer solution. This would provide hydrogen (H+) ions. These additional H+ ions would combine with the large reserve of CH3COO– ions to form undissociated acetic acid molecules.
CH3COO– (aq) + H+ (aq) ⇌ CH3COOH
The additional H+ ions are neutralized by CH3COO– ions in the solution, hence there will be no change in its pH value. The reserve basicity of the solution is due to acetate ions.
Posted by Nitish Gaur 8 years, 1 month ago
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Amar Kumar 8 years, 1 month ago
Heavy water: water in which the hydrogen in the molecules is partly or wholly replaced by the isotope deuterium, used especially as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
Heavy water is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium, rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.
Formula: D2O
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Amar Kumar 8 years, 1 month ago
- Hydrogen Bonds: Water is a polar molecule that tends to be slightly positive on the hydrogen side and slight negative on the oxygen side. The electrostatic bond between the positive hydrogen side of this molecule and other megative ions or polar molecules is called a hydrogen bond. Molecules and ions with which water forms hydrogen bonds (such as sodium chloride) are hydrophylic. On the other hand, Ions and molecules that do not form hydrogen bonds with water are hydrophobic.
- Liquidity at Room Temperature: At room temperature, most compounds with low molecular weights take gaseous form. With water, however, hydrogen bonding helps to keep it a liquid at room temperature. Kept relatively close together, the moluecules at room temperature are unable to dissipate sufficiently to form a gas. Temperatures of 212°F (or 100°C) are required to break the hydrogen bonds and convert liquid water into water vapor.
- Chemical Reactions: When ionic compounds such as sodium chloride are added to water, hydrogen bonding will tend to pull those ionic compounds apart. This makes water a natural solvent. Once ionic compounds dissolve, their anions and cations circulate through the water allowing further reactions to occur. Thus, water also sponsors and facilitates chemical reactions.
- Stable Temperatures: Water takes more heat to raise its temperature than other common compounds, since much of that heat is required to first break the hydrogen bonds. Water also retains heat, so its temperature falls slowly. This means that larger systems of water (such as the ocean or a body) tend to maintain more or less constant temperatures, which in turn helps the earth (and us) to maintain relatively constant temperatures.
- Freezing Point :At 32°F (or 0°C) and below, water molecules form hydrogen bonds in a chrystalline lattice structure. This bonding spaces the molecules a bit farther apart than usual, causing water to expand when it freezes. This results in ice being less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats.
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Sanoj S Nair 8 years, 1 month ago
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