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Sia ? 3 years, 7 months ago
Quantum mechanical model:
- The energy of an electron is quantized i.e. an electron can only have certain specific values of energy.
- The quantized energy of an electron is the allowed solution of the Schrödinger wave equation and it is the result of wave like properties of electron.
- As per Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle, the exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined. So the only probability of finding an electron at a position can be determined and it is |ψ|2 at that point where ψ represents the wave-function of that electron.
- An atomic orbital is the wave-function (ψ) of an electron in an atom. Whenever an electron is described by a wave-function, it occupies atomic orbital. As an electron can have many wave-functions, there are many atomic orbitals for the electron. Every wave-function or atomic orbital have some shape and energy associated with it. All the information about the electron in an atom is stored in its orbital wave function ψ and quantum mechanics makes it possible to extract this information out of ψ.
- The probability of finding an electron at a point within an atom is proportional to the square of the orbital wave function i.e., | ψ | 2 at that point. | ψ |2 is known as probability density and is always positive.
Posted by Lakshmi Devi 3 years, 7 months ago
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Balwant Kumar 3 years, 7 months ago
The general electronic configuration of halogens is np5, where n = 2-6. Thus, halogens need only one more electron to complete their octet and to attain the stable noble gas configuration. Also, halogens are highly electronegative with low dissociation energies and high negative electron gain enthalpies. Therefore, they have a high tendency to gain an electron. Hence, they act as good oxidizing agents.
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Balwant Kumar 3 years, 7 months ago
In dz2 orbital, there are 2 lobes which lie on the z-axis i.e. one lobe on the +ve z-axis and other on the -ve z-axis. Other than these 2 lobes, there is also a ring shaped region around the lobe.
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Anuj Kumar 3 years, 7 months ago
Shreya S❤ 3 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 3 years, 7 months ago
Explanation:
Experiment to prepare crystals of pure Copper Sulfate ( ) from a given impure sample of the blue vitriol is as follows -
Theory -
- Sample + water + few drops of dilute sulfuric acid ( to prevent hydrolysis of copper sulfate).
- Copper sulfate is dissolved and the insoluble impurities are left over.
- The solution is filtered out. The filtrate is concentrated up to the crystallization point and then cooled.
- After cooling, crystals of copper sulfate (
) is filtered out.
Requirements - Copper sulfate sample, a beaker, a china dish, a funnel, test tube, a glass rod, an evaporating dish and a policeman
Procedure - Preparation of Solution
- Take about 25-30 ml of water + pinch of the powdered crude copper sulfate. Stirring the solution and repeating the same additions and stirring until some of it remains undissolved + 2-3 ml of dilute sulfuric acid (making the solution clear that prevents hydrolysis of the copper sulfate)
Formation of crystals
- The solution is filtered out. The filtrate (left in a china dish) is concentrated up to the crystallization point and then cooled. Heating the solution till it is reduced to about one-third of its original volume. Stir it to avoid the crust formation
- The formation of a crust or tiny crystals on the glass rod indicates the crystallization point. Now stop heating.Transferring and cooling the hot saturated solution in the crystallizing dish. On cooling it we will get deep blue crystals of copper sulfate
Separation of Crystals and Drying
- Decant + Wash the crystals with a little ethyl alcohol + water
- Filtered on filter paper
Conclusion - The crystals of pure blue color copper sulfate ( ) are obtained that are transparent.
Posted by Nikkil Sk 3 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 3 years, 7 months ago
A benzylic carbocation is a resonance-stabilized carbocation in each of the two equally stable major resonance forms of which the formal charge of +1 is on a benzylic carbon. eg: The lightest benzylic carbocation 1 is called the benzyl carbocation.
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The mass of 1 proton is same as the mass of 1 Hydrogen atom. One mole of hydrogen atom weighs 1 gm. Or, 1 mole of proton will weigh 1 gm. Therefore, 200 moles of proton will weigh 200gm.
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Heat of hydrogenation (symbol: ΔHhydro, ΔHº) of an alkene is the standard enthalpy of catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene. Catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene is always exothermic. Heat of hydrogenation of alkenes is a measure of the stability of carbon-carbon double bonds.
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Ranger King 3 years, 7 months ago
1Thank You