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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 4 months ago
The five kingdom classification was proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969. The five kingdoms were formed on the basis of characteristics such as cell structure, mode of nutrition, source of nutrition and body organisation. It includes Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
Kingdom Monera: It includes prokaryotic cells lacking organized nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles. Some of the Monerans are autotrophic andsome of them are heterotrophic forms.
Kingdom Protista: It includes algae, diatoms and protozoans. These are unicellular and the simplest form of eukaryotes exhibiting both autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Kingdom Fungi: Theseare multicellular, eukaryotic saprophytes. They include mushrooms, rhizopus and mucor. Some fungi are symbiotic forming an association with algal cells. These symbionts are termed to be lichens.
Kingdom Plantae: It includes all the plants that are non-motile,multicellular and eukaryotic organisms with their cell walls made up of cellulose.
Kingdom Animalia: It includes all the animals that are motile multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with their cells possessing no cell walls. It exhibits species diversity.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 4 months ago
Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus. The project fights poliomyelitis through a large-scale pulse vaccination programme and monitoring for polio cases.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 4 months ago
Aufbau principle
- The Aufbau Principle is basically a German word “Aufbauen” which means building up.
- According to this principle, the electrons will first occupy the orbitals that have the lowest energy. This means that the electrons enter first orbital and then enter the orbitals which have higher energy but only when the lower- energy orbitals are completely filled.
- The order in which the electrons should be filled is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…..
- The order of the increasing energy of the orbitals can also be calculated using (n+l) rule.
- The sum of the values of the principal quantum numbers (n) and azimuthal quantum number (l) is used to decide the energy level of an orbital.
- The lower value of the sum of (n+l) implies that the energy of the orbital is low. If the value of n+l for two orbitals is equal then the orbital with a lower value of n will have a lower energy level.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 4 months ago
A kaleidoscope is an optical device which creates colourful beautiful patterns due to multiple reflections in plane mirrors. It is a cylinder which has three plane mirrors and loose, colored objects such as beads or pebbles and bits of glass. As the viewer looks into one end, light entering the other end creates a colorful pattern, due to multiple reflection of these objects in the mirrors.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 4 months ago
- Maximum number of electrons in an orbit is calculated by 2n2, where ‘n’ is number of orbit and may be equal to 1, 2, 3 , . . . .
- Electrons occupy the next orbit only after filling the inner orbit completely.
- The maximum number of electrons in outermost orbit will not be more than 8.
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