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Barbie Karmakar????? 7 years, 1 month ago
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Ñìšháńț☺?☺ Búțóĺą????? 7 years, 1 month ago
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
(i) It makes the systematic study of wide variety of organisms easier.
(ii) It gives interrelationship amongest different group of organisms.
(iii) It gives an idea about existing life forms on earth.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
If the weight of the water displaced is less than the weight of the object, the object will sink.
Archimedes’ principle has many applications :-
- It is used in designing ships and submarines.
- Lactometers, which are used to determine the purity of a sample of milk
- Hydrometers used for determining density
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
The postulate of Dalton's atomic theory which says that " Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions" is the result of the law of conservation of mass. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
One of the main differences between plants and fungi is that fungi have chitin as a component of their cell walls instead of cellulose. Both chitin and cellulose are comprised of polysaccharide chains.
Posted by Khan Khan 7 years, 1 month ago
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Gaurav Seth 7 years, 1 month ago
SONAR- The acronym SONAR stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging.
Sonar is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance, direction and speed of underwater objects.
Principle: It uses the phenomenon of echoes in determining the sea-depth and locating the presence of under-water objects.
Working:
i) A strong beam of ultrasonic waves is sent from a transmitter mounted on the ship.
ii) The beam is reflected from the seabed and is received by an under-water detector which is also mounted on the ship.
iii) The time interval between transmission and reception of the ultrasonic signal is noted
Posted by Gurvinder Singh 7 years, 1 month ago
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Gaurav Seth 7 years, 1 month ago
- Refraction through rectangular glass slab with parallel faces:
The refraction takes place at both air-glass interface and glass-air interface has the following characteristics:- When a light ray travels from air to glass, the angle of incidence is greater than angle of refraction as ray bends towards normal.
- When a light ray travels from glass to air, the angle of refraction (also called angle of emergent in case of glass) is greater than the angle of incidence of glass-air interface as ray of light bends away from the normal.
- If the angle of incidence is zero, i.e. the incident ray is normal to the interface, the ray of light continues to travel in the same direction after refraction.
- The angle of emergence and angle of incidence will be equal.
Emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray along with original direction but it will be laterally displaced to the left of the incident ray. - For the same angle of incidence, lateral displacement is proportional to the thickness of the glass slab.
- For the same thickness of glass slab, the lateral displacement is proportional to the angle of incidence.
AIM
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Drawing board, drawing pins, three plane sheets of white paper, a rectangular glass slab, geometry instruments, and sharp pointed pins.
THEORY
The refraction takes place at both air-glass interface and glass-air interface of a rectangular glass slab.
- When the light ray incident on air-glass interface (DC) obliquely, it bends towards the normal.
- The refracted ray is incident obliquely on the second parallel surface inside the rectangular glass slab, i. e. glass-air interface (AB) and after refraction, it moves away from the normal.
These refractions at both the surfaces obey the laws of refraction (Refer to basic building concept).

PROCEDURE
- Fix a white paper on a drawing board with the help of drawing pins and divide the sheet in two parts by a vertical line.
- Place a rectangular glass slab in the first part. Draw its boundary. Remove the glass slab and label the boundary as A1, B1, C1, D1 as shown below.

- Draw a normal (perpendicular) MN on the side A1B1 at a point O1, slightly away from the centre towards A1
- Draw an oblique line P1Q1 (incident ray) such that ∠P1O1M = 30° (Angle of incidence). Fix two sharp pointed pin P1 and Q1 vertically erected on the line P1O1 at a distance of 4 to 6 cm apart.
- Place the glass slab again within its boundary. Look at the feet of pins (not their heads) P1 and Q1from the other parallel opposite face of the slab, i.e. from C1D1 along the plane of paper. Fix other two pins R1 and S1 in such a way that R1 , S1 and the image of P1 and Q1 lie on a same straight line.
- Remove the glass slab and all the four pins. Encircle all the prick of the four pins. Join the points R1and S1 within the encircle and produce upto the edge C1D1. Let R1S1 meet C1D1 at O1. This will act as an emergent ray.
- Draw a normal M1N1 at O2. Join O1 and O2. It will represent the path of ray inside the glass slab, i.e. refracted ray.
- Measure the angle of emergence, i.e. ∠e = ∠N1O1S1 and angle of refraction, i.e. ∠r = ∠NO1O2
- Repeat the experiment by taking the different angles of incidence such as 45° and 60° on the other part of paper and measure the angle of refraction and emergence accordingly and tabulate them.
OBSERVATION TABLE

RESULT
- At the point of incidence the incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the air-glass interface, all lie in the plane of paper.
- Within experimental limits, the angle of emergence and angle of incidence are equal.
- The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray.
- Emergent ray is laterally displaced.
- When the light ray travels from optically rarer medium (air) to optically denser medium (glass), the angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.
- The refracted angle at the air-glass interface and the incident angle at the glass-air interface are found to be equal.
- From the observation table, it is clear that with the increase in angle of incidence, angle of refraction also increases.
Posted by Pushp Sharma 7 years, 1 month ago
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Meghna Thapar 6 years, 1 month ago
| Squamous | Cuboidal | Columnar |
|
i. It is made up of thin, flat and irregular-shaped cells. It forms the delicate lining of cavities (mouth, oesophagus, nose, etc.) and blood vessels. ii. It protects the underlying parts of body from mechanical injury, entry of germs, chemicals and drying. |
i. It consists of cube-like cells. These are found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles and in glands. ii. It helps in absorption, secretion and excretion. It also provides mechanical support. |
i. It consists of cells which are taller than broader i.e. pillar-like. It forms the lining of stomach, small intestine and colon. ii. Its main function includes absorption and secretion. |
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Meghna Thapar 6 years, 1 month ago
Chordates are characterised by the following three features: (a) a dorsal, hollow, tubular nerve cord; (b) a pliable rod called notochord that occurs ventral to nerve cord and is replaced by a bone or cartilage to form a vertebral column in vertebrates; and (c) paired gill-slits in the pharynx. However, non-chordates are animals without a notochord – the rod-like elastic structure that supports the body. This phylum consists of a small group of worm-like, marine species with an organ-system level of organization.
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