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The limitations of Dalton’s atomic theory to explain certain observations formed the basis for the discovery of electrons and protons. Further investigations revealed the existence of neutrons. The components of atoms are called subatomic particles and generally include the proton, electron, and the neutron.
Posted by Shiva Kumar 5 years, 9 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes | |
Type of Cell | Always unicellular | Unicellular and multi-cellular |
Cell size | Ranges in size from 0.2 μm – 2.0 μm in diameter | Size ranges from 10 μm – 100 μm in diameter |
Cell wall | Usually present; chemically complex in nature | When present, chemically simple in nature |
Nucleus | Absent | Present |
Ribosomes | Present. Smaller in size and spherical in shape | Present. Comparatively larger in size and linear in shape |
DNA arrangement | Circular | Linear |
Mitochondria | Absent | Present |
Cytoplasm | Present, but cell organelles absent | Present, cell organelles present |
Endoplasmic reticulum | Absent | Present |
Plasmids | Present | Very rarely found in eukaryotes |
Ribosome | Small ribosomes | Large ribosomes |
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Plant Cell |
Animal Cell |
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Posted by Srushti Borhade 5 years, 9 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Observations of Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment
The observations made by Rutherford led him to conclude that:
- A major fraction of the α-particles bombarded towards the gold sheet passed through it without any deflection, and hence most of the space in an atom is empty.
- Some of the α-particles were deflected by the gold sheet by very small angles, and hence the positive charge in an atom is not uniformly distributed. The positive charge in an atom is concentrated in a very small volume.
- Very few of the α-particles were deflected back, that is only a few α-particles had nearly 180o angle of deflection. So the volume occupied by the positively charged particles in an atom is very small as compared to the total volume of an atom.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called cones which are unisexual. They produce two types of cones: male cones and female cones. Male cones produce pollen. Female cones contain at least one ovule at the base of each scale.
In angiosperms, flowers are the reproductive organs. They may be unisexual or bisexual.
Posted by Pramod Gowda B R 5 years, 9 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Amphibians are those organisms which live on both land and in water. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants though live in soil but they need water for sexual reproduction. The sperm of bryophyte (antherozoids) are flagellate and need water to swim to the eggs. In other words, as these plants need water for reproduction unlike other plants, they are called as amphibians.
Posted by Raj Mishra 5 years, 9 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Porifera:- The work porifera means organisms having holes. These are non motiles animals combined to some solid support. There are holes of ‘pores’, on the whole body. These causes a canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton. The body texture involves quite minimal differentiation and division into tissue. They are generally known as sponges, and are generally present iin marine habitats. Euplectelea, sycon and spongilla are some examples of porifera.
Coelenterata:- These are animals found in water. They show large body design differentiation. There is a cavity within the body. The body is formed of two layers of cells: one forms cells on the outside of the body, and the other forms the inner lining of the body.
Some of these species found in colonies (corals), whereas others have a solitary like – span (hydra).
Jellyfish and sea anemones are examples of Coelenterata.
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Contributory causes of disease are :
(a) Poor health due to lack of good nourishment.
(b) Poor hygiene condition, economic condition due to which one does not get proper and sufficient food.
(c) Genetic difference which make some people more prone to disease than others.
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Non-uniform Velocity : When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time in a specified direction, or if the direction of motion changes, it is said to be moving with a non-uniform or variable velocity. e.g., revolving fan at a constant speed has variable velocity.
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Farmyard manure (FYM): It is the decomposed mixture of cattle excreta (dung) and urine along with litter and leftover organic matter such as roughage or fodder. The waste materials are collected daily from the cattle shed and stored in a pit for decomposition by the microorganisms (bacteria and fungi etc.). FYM contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
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Dipanshu Bhatia 5 years, 9 months ago
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