The stethoscope is an instrument used for auscultation, or listening to sounds produced by the body. It is used primarily to listen to the lungs, heart, and intestinal tract. It is also used to listen to blood flow in peripheral vessels and the heart sounds of developing fetuses in pregnant women.

Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.

Ciliated epithelial tissue which are present at 'oviduct' have hair like projection on their outer surface.They are just columnar or cuboidal epithelial tissue have hair like projection to allow smooth movement of particles.

Parenchyma cells form the ground tissue of plants. Parenchyma tissues perform various important functions:

• Storage: Parenchyma cells have large intercellular space which are ideal for storage
  • High amount of starch is present in the tubers of potato and cassava
  • These can store water, fats, oil droplets, and ergastic substances
  • Store water and act as water reservoir
• Transport: Parenchyma cells transport nutrients and other chemicals
  • Transfer cells have outgrowth for increasing absorption surface
  • The xylem parenchyma helps in radial transportation of water and minerals
  • Some cells transport light from surface to underground cells
• Photosynthesis: Chlorenchyma present in the mesophyll and the other green parts of the plant, have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis
• Gas Exchange: Aerenchyma cells help in the gas exchange
• Protection: In gymnosperms, the parenchymatous cell have spiny projections that help in the protection from predators
• Totipotent: Parenchyma cells have an ability to transform to the other types of cells and act as a precursor for other types of cells
• Buoyancy: Aerenchyma present in aquatic plants have air sacs that helps in floating
• Cuticle present on epidermis helps in reducing transpiration in water stress condition

R.H Whittaker proposed five kingdom classifications of living organisms which include:

1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia

The basis of grouping organisms into five kingdoms is as follows:

• Cell Structure: There are two broad categories of cell structure: eukaryotes and prokaryotes. All prokaryotes come under the kingdom Monera and rest all are kept in other kingdoms.
• Number of cells: It divides into unicellular and multicellular. Unicellular eukaryotes are kept in the kingdom Protista, while multicellular eukaryotes are kept in other kingdoms.
• Mode and source of nutrition and Cell wall: Organisms are divided into autotrophic and heterotrophic based on mode of nutrition. Heterotrophic organisms in which cell wall is present are taken under the kingdom fungi. Autotrophic organisms in which cell wall is present are taken in the kingdom Plantae. Organisms in which cell wall is absent are taken in the kingdom Animalia.

The suspended particles like unburnt carbon particles and hydrocarbons mix with smoke and fog in the atmosphere, especially in the cold weather to form smog which results in a lowered visibility.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is a method of farming using less or no amount of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.

This method uses only organic matters like organic manures, farm-wastes.

Three diseases caused by virus are:
(a) Influenza (b) Hepatitis (c) AIDS

AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome).
Cause : Retro virus HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus).
Mode of Communication:
(i) Blood transfusion.
(ii) Unprotected sexual contact.
(iii) Use of contaminated needles and syringes, sharing razors, piercing instruments, etc.
(iv) From mother to the developing foetus through placenta.
Symptoms:
(i) Prolonged fever.
(ii) Swollen lymph glands.
(iii) Weightloss and loss of appetite.
(iv) Unexplained bleeding.
(v) Decreased count of blood platelets causing haemorrhage.
(vi) Loss of memory and mental ability.
(vii) Patient becomes susceptible to other diseases.
Detection :
It is done by ELISA TEST and Western Blood test.
Prevention:
(i) Safe ***.
(ii) Use of disposable syringe and needles and fresh razors for shaving.
(iii) Testing the blood before transfusion.
(iv) Education of the masses through AIDS awareness programmes.
(v) Avoid pregnancy of HIV infected mother.
Treatment : There is no cure for AIDS so far.

Odometer is a device that measures the distance travelled by an automobile based on the perimeter of the wheel as the wheel rotates.

Law of constant proportion states that, “a pure chemical compound always consists of the same elements that are combined together in a fixed (or definite) proportion by mass”.

For instance, the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in water obtained from any source is 1:8 i.e. 1g of hydrogen and 8g of oxygen together make up 9g of water.

Similarly the ration of nitrogen and hydrogen in ammonia is 14:3.

Archimedes’ principle state that, “when a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it.”
Applications
(i) It is used in designing ships and submarines.
(ii) It is used in making lactometers, which are used to determine the purity of milk.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODS) are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ozone depletion. The total amount of effective halogens (chlorine and bromine) in the stratosphere can be calculated and are known as the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC).

Vultures are scavengers as they feed upon dead animals. Saprotrophs is the correct word instead of saprophytes because phytes means plants.They are not considered as sparotrophs as saprotrophs take their nutrition from dead and decaying matter by dissolving them and absorbing through their body surface. Vultures do not use this method so they are not classified under saprotrophs.

Diffusion just simply means being seperated.Some of the examples in our daily life are:-
1)U can smell perfume because it diffuses into the air and makes it may into ur nose
2)A teabag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water.
3)Placing food coloring in a liquid will diffuse the color.
4)Digested particles of the food diffuses in the colon.
5)A helium balloon will deflate a small amount everyday as helium diffuses through the balloon into the air.

Examples of Diffusion

• A teabag immersed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water and change its colour.
• A spray of perfume or room freshener will get diffused into the air by which we can sense the odour.
• Sugar gets dissolved evenly and sweetens the water without having to stir it.
• As we lit the incense stick, its smoke gets diffused into the air and spreads throughout the room.
• By adding boiling water into the dried noodles, the water diffuses causing rehydration and making dried noodles plumper and saturated.

Plastids refer to the double membrane bound organelles found in plant cells. 

* They are found in the cytoplasm.

* Plants make and store food in plastids.

* They have their own DNA and Ribosomes.

* They can be classified into two types:

• Chloroplast
• Leucoplast

* Chloroplasts are the plastids containing the green pigment called chlorophyll. They are necessary to carry the process of photosynthesis.

* Chloroplasts also contain orange and yellow pigments.

* Leucoplast stores starch, oils and protein granules.

* Plastids have many membranous layers embedded in surface called stroma.

• The Green Revolution involved the production of high yielding varieties (often abbreviated to HYV) of seeds, resulting in an increase in agricultural production to combat food shortage and increase the revenue of the agricultural sector.
• The white revolution involved the operation flood that enhanced the production of milk and also resulted in the increased animal input that went into the dairy industry. The White revolution saw a huge increase in the productivity of the dairy industry.