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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
The cell wall is the outermost covering of plant cells. It is present outside the cell membrane and is tough, flexible and sometimes rigid in its texture. It is mainly composed of cellulose, long fibres of carbohydrates including hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin.
The main functions of the cell wall
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Protecting the cell against physical damage and invading pathogens.
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Regulate and controls the direction of cell growth.
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Providing the strength, structural support and maintaining the shape of the cell
The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. It is the outermost covering of animal cells. It is a semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids and proteins. The main functions of the cell membrane include:
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Protecting the integrity of the interior cell.
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Providing support and maintaining the shape of the cell.
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Helps in regulating cell growth through the balance of endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Acceleration
- Acceleration: It is a measure of the change in the velocity of an object per unit time.
- Acceleration can be caused either by change in direction of motion or change in speed or both.
Acceleration = Change in velocity/ time taken. - SI unit is ms-2.
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All layers and organs in the body are lined by a group of tissues called epithelial tissues which are commonly referred to as epithelium. They cover the surface of all internal as well as external organs. Epithelial tissue is highly permeable. Thus, it plays a significant role in the exchange of substances across the cells and helps in maintaining the osmoregulation. Depending on the number of layers of cells it is composed of, epithelium has been divided into simple epithelium and compound epithelium. The main functions of epithelial tissue are protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation.
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| Homogeneous mixture | Heterogeneous mixture< |
| It has a uniform composition | It has a non-uniform composition |
| It has only one phase | There are two or more phases |
| It can’t be separated out physically | It can be separated out physically |
| ‘homo’ means the same | ‘hetero’ means different |
| Example: a mixture of alcohol and water | Example: a mixture of sodium chloride and sand |
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The two applications of the law of conservation of momentum are:
i) Flights of jet planes and rockets
ii) Recoiling of a gun on firing
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Rajan Kumar Pasi 5 years, 3 months ago
The reverse process of sublimation is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a> or desublimation, in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase. Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a>).
While a transition from liquid to gas is described as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> if it occurs below the boiling point of the liquid, and as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> if it occurs at the boiling point, there is no such distinction within the solid-to-gas transition, which is always described as sublimation.
The term <i>sublimation</i> refers to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_change" title="Physical change">physical change</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is <i>not</i> sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly the combustion of candles, containing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a>, to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> is <i>not</i> sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen.
Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">attractive forces</a> of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, it is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermic" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> change.
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It is also used in spray cans, soda drinks, deodorants, etc.
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Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It is a complex molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and magnesium. Chlorophyll makes it possible for plants to convert carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, into oxygen and glucose during the process of photosynthesis.
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- The French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates. The first estate consisted of the clergymen, the second estate consisted of the nobles and the third estate consisted of the common people most of whom were peasants.
- While the peasants comprised about 90% of the French population, only few owned land. 60% of the land was owned by the members of the first two estates.
- One of the many reasons why the revolution broke out was because only the members of the third estate paid taxes to the state.
- The members of the first and second estates were exempted from paying any taxes to the king.
- The nobility and the clergy enjoyed many privileges in French society. The nobles extracted feudal dues from the peasants. The latter were also compelled to provide services to the noblemen by working in his fields and house. They also had to serve in the army.
- The church also collected religious taxes from the people known as ‘tithes’. The members of the third estate had to pay direct tax to the state known as ‘taille’. Indirect taxes were imposed on tobacco, salt and many other everyday items. Thus, the third estate was seething with financial difficulties
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Matter- Matter is anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Air and water, sugar and sand, hydrogen and oxygen etc. Matter is made up of very small tiny particles. Particles of matter have space between them they attract each other.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
The cell wall is the outermost covering of plant cells. It is present outside the cell membrane and is tough, flexible and sometimes rigid in its texture. It is mainly composed of cellulose, long fibres of carbohydrates including hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin.
The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. It is the outermost covering of animal cells. It is a semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids and proteins. The main functions of the cell membrane include:
Protecting the integrity of the interior cell.
Providing support and maintaining the shape of the cell.
Helps in regulating cell growth through the balance of endocytosis and exocytosis.
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