Formula----- final velocity - initial velocity --------------------------------------------- Time

Rate of change of velocity

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Its simpler formula is v-u upon t where v is final velocity and u is initial velocity

Acceleration

• Acceleration: It is a measure of the change in the velocity of an object per unit time.
• Acceleration can be caused either by change in direction of motion or change in speed or both. 

• SI unit is ms-2.

Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
Nuclear Membrane is absent.	Nuclear Membrane is present.
Membrane-bound cell organelles are absent.	Membrane-bound cell organelles are present.
Mitochondria are absent.	Mitochondria are present.
Golgi apparatus is absent.	Golgi apparatus is absent.
Region bounded by nuclear membrane contains DNA and Proteins.	Undefined region with nucleic acid is called nucleoid.
The concentration of DNA is low.	DNA is found in nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria.
Sexual reproduction is absent.	Sexual reproduction is generally present

Explain complex Tissues with diagram

MOTION:-An object is said to be motion when it change it's position with respect of time. REST:- An object is said to be rest if it doesn't change it's position with respect of time

Motion = when object move from one place to another place of rotate in same place with respect to time then this called motion.. Eg .rotation of an earth Rest= An object which is stationary or not moving with respect to it surroundings is said to be at rest Eg. A book lying on a table ..

Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings with time.

Motion: An object is said to be in motion if the position changes with respect to it surrounding and time.

a object is said to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to time . when a object does not with respect to time and its surroundings it is said to be in rest

Yes it had been removed but you can read the important points from this as they will be helpful.?

This chapter had been removed from syllabus

1. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support your answer with an example.

Ans. Yes, if an object has moved through a distance it can have zero displacement because displacement of an object is the actual change in its position when it moves from one position to the other. So if an object travels from point A to B and then returns back to point A again, the total displacement is zero.

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I know that the inertia of an object tends to cause the object to resist any change in its state of rest of motion. But here I have gave the options. So please choose any one option.

The inertia of an object tends to cause the object to resist any change in its state of rest of motion.

Inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to resist change in  motion. The inertia is directly dependent on the mass of the body. 
Inertia resist any change in its state of motion and is of three types:

1. Inertia of rest
2. Inertia of motion
3. Inertia of direction

The inertia of an object tends to cause the object: to resist any change in its state of motion.\

Inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to resist change in  motion. The inertia is directly dependent on the mass of the body. Inertia resist any change in its state of motion and is of three types: Inertia of rest Inertia of motion Inertia of direction

Grana	Stroma
Grana are made of stacks of thylakoids.	Stroma is the fluid present in the chloroplast
Light reactions occur here.	Dark reactions occur here.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.
 Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
• The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.

Cell Wall

• The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.

Cytoplasm

• The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
• Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.

A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.
 Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
• The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.

Cell Wall

• The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.

Cytoplasm

• The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
• Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.

Ribosome

Ribosomes are the protein synthesisers of the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.

Golgi Bodies

Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment chlorophyll

Mitochondria

The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency

◾Endoplasmic Reticulum The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) acts as a transport from the nucleus and ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: Smooth ER Smooth ER act as transport for various things, mainly the RNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes (RNA is a small piece of the DNA code specifically designed to tell the ribosomes what to make). Smooth ER appears smooth in texture, hence the name. Smooth ER plays an important role in lipid emulsification and digestion in the cell. Rough ER Rough ER are "rough" because of the ribosomes embedded in them. The rough ER takes the protein to the Golgi apparatus to be packaged into vacuoles. ◾Ribosomes Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They are comprised of interacting protein and nucleic acid chains. Broadly, ribosomes are comprised of a large and a small subunit. The small subunit functions to attach to the mRNA strand and hold it in place during translation, while the large subunit holds and manufactures the growing polypeptide chain. The large subunit is further subdivided into the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit) binding sites. ◾Golgi Complex The Golgi Complex basically functions as a "packaging center" for the cell, attaching "address labels" (functional groups) to various cell products to direct them to their respective locations, and "packaging" the products into vacuoles to ensure delivery. Anatomically, the Golgi Complex consists of layers of lipid membrane stacked one on top of another, with a cis face and a trans face. As the molecular product being packaged moves through the complex, various enzymes act upon it to induce vacuole formation and functional group attachment. ◾Lysosomes Lysosomes are vacuoles containing digestive and destructive membranes. In white blood cells, these are used to kill the bacteria or virus, while in tadpole-tail cells they kill the cell by separating the tail from the main body.They also do much of the cellular digestion involved in apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death. ◾Mitochondria A mitochondrian is the organelle responsible for a cell's metabolism. It synthetizes ATP through a protein called ATP synthase. Mitochondria have a double membrane. An outer membrane and a folded inner membrane. The internal membrane, called the cristae is invaginated (folded or creased), to maximize surface area enabling it to hold more ATP synthases. It is called as "the powerhouse of the cell" which is present in the eukaryotic organisms. It has matrix inside the inner membrane. It is in rod shape structure. ◾Vacuole Vacuoles are cellular storage places. Like the cell membrane, they are comprised of a lipid bilayer that functions as a selectively permeable barrier to regulate movement of materials into and out of the compartment. They can serve a variety of purposes, storing food, water, or waste products, or immune functions such as containing dangerous materials or maintaining turgor pressure (in plants). Vacuoles serve very different purposes in plant cells than they do in animal cells. ◾Peroxisomes Peroxisomes perform a variety of metabolic processes and as a by-product, produce hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes use peroxase enzyme to break down this hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. ◾PLASTIDS Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cells of autotrophic eukaryotes. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments in a plastid determine the cell's color. ◾CENTROSOME In cell biology, the centrosome (Latin centrum 'center' + Greek sōma 'body') is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. The centrosome is thought to have evolved only in the metazoan lineage of eukaryotic cells.

6 Cell Organelles Nucleus. nucleus. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Chloroplasts. Mitochondria.

Various components present inside a cell are known as cell organelles. For example plasma membrane, nucleus cytoplasm all are cell organelles.
The plasma membrane also termed as a Cell Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane. It is a selectively permeable membrane of the cell, which is composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins.
The cytoplasm is present both in plant and animal cells. They are jelly-like substance, found between the cell membrane and nucleus.  They are mainly composed of water,  organic and inorganic compounds.
The nucleus is a double-membraned organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the largest organelle, which functions as the control centre of the cellular activities and is the storehouse of the cell’s DNA. By structure, the nucleus is dark, round, surrounded by a nuclear membrane. 

Cell organelles are membrane bound little structures that perform activities in the cell. The various cell organelles are – Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Plastids, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes and Centrosome.

i. Endoplasmic Reticulum:

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets which looks like long tubules or round or oblong bags (vesicles). There are two types of ER– rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). RER looks rough under a microscope because it has ribosomes attached to its surface. The ribosomes are the sites of protein manufacture. The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules or lipids. Some of these proteins and lipids help in building the cell membrane. This process is known as membrane biogenesis. Some other proteins and lipids function as enzymes and hormones.

ii. Golgi Apparatus:

The Golgi apparatus was first described by Camillo Golgi. Golgi apparatus consists of a set of membrane-bounded, fluid filled vesicles, vacuoles and flattened cisternae. Cisternae are usually stacked together (placed one above the other) in parallel rows. Golgi apparatus exists as an extensive network near the nucleus in the animal cells. However, the plant cells contain many freely distributed subunits of Golgi apparatus, called dictyosomes. The Golgi apparatus arises from the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which in turn, originates from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

There are various organelles present within the cell and are classified into three categories based on the presence or absence of membrane.

Organelles without membrane: The Cell wall, Ribosomes, and Cytoskeleton are membrane-bound cell organelles. They are present both in prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell.

Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum are single membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell.

Double membrane-bound organelles: Mitochondria and chloroplast are double membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell.

Mitochondria is the power house of the cell. It is a doubled layer membrane . It produces ATP that is adenosine tri phosphate which is energy currency of any organism. It has up down projections which are called cristae which increases the surface area Lysosomes are sometimes produced by golgi apparatus. It is also called as suicidal bags. It contains very powerful enzymes which digest the waste materials produced by the cell. It also digest the parts of cell once they become waste. And when the cell is whole worn out so the lysosomes burst out and digest itself so it is often called suicidal bags Chromosomes are present in the nucleus of the cell. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes including a pair of *** chromosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA which contains the genetic information about the cell. The functional segment of DNA are genes which are transferred from one generation to the other. When the chromosomes do not work they convert themselves into chromatin material.

Cell Organelles	Structure	Functions
Lysosomes	A tiny, circular-shaped, single membrane-bound organelles,  filled with digestive enzymes.	Helps in the digestion and removes wastes and digests dead and damaged cells. Therefore, it is also called as the “suicidal bags”.
Mitochondria	An oval-shaped, membrane-bound organelle, also called as the “Power House of The Cell”.	The main sites of cellular respiration and also involved in storge energy in the form of ATP molecules.
Plastids	Double membrane-bound organelles. There are 3 types of plastids:   Leucoplast –Colourless plastids. Chromoplast–Blue, Red, and Yellow colour plastids. Chloroplast – Green coloured plastids.	Helps in the process of photosynthesis and pollination, Imparts colour for leaves, flowers and fruits and stores starch, proteins and fats.
Ribosomes	non-membrane organelles, found floating freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum.	Involved in the Synthesis of Proteins.
Vacuoles	A membrane-bound, fluid-filled organelle found within the cytoplasm.	Provide shape and rigidity to the plant cell and helps in digestion, excretion, and storage of substances.

Sulphur will get dissolved in CS2

Addition of carbon disulphide to a mixture containing iron fillings and sulphur powder, leads to formation of a clear yellow solution when sulphur powder dissolves in carbon disulphide, on gentle shaking. Iron fillings being insoluble settle in the bottom. These can be separated by filtration. When the solution is allowed to evaporate, powder of solid sulphur is obtained.
Here iron filling ga is nothing but iron compound and sulphur is sulphur powder.

Angular velocity

Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular position of a rotating body. We can define the angular velocity of a particle as the rate at which the particle rotates around a center point i.e., the time rate of change of its angular displacement relative to the origin.

Linear Velocity

Linear velocity is the measure of “the rate of change of displacement with respect to time when the object moves along a straight path.” It is a vector quantity. Dimension formula of linear velocity is [M]⁰[L]¹[T]^-1

Linear and angular velocities are related to the speed of an object based on the perspective chosen. Linear velocity is applied to an object that moves, whereas angular velocity applies to those that turn such as a wheel, the earth’s revolution or a spinning top.

Jai Shri ram

Homogenous mixtures are also called solutions. They mix with each other but we cannot see the substances in it. It forms single phase. It does not scatter light. For example salt water Heterogeneous mixtures are also called suspensions. They mix with each other but solute settles at the bottom. It forms 2 phases. It scatters the light For example chalk and water

What is matter?

Homogeneous mixture = A mixture which has the same appearance and chemical composition throughout . Example = air ; mixture of gases etc . Heterogeneous mixture = Heterogeneous mixture is a mixture with a non - uniform composition . When you mix two components that remain seperate from each other, that mixture is called a heterogeneous mixture. Example = A mixture of cement , sugar and water . etc.

Speed is the distance travelled per unit time and it is a scalar quantity but Velocity is the displacement travelled per uni time and it is a vector quantity whereas acceleration is the rate of change of velocity per unit time and it is a vector quantity

Destillation process

The mixture of milk and sugar can be separated by distillation process because the sugar dissolves in it and becomes misscible liquid which are separated by distillation process

Thank you ☺️

An electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing an acceleration. The electric potential, or voltage, is the difference in potential energy per unit charge between two locations in an electric field.

The various functions of Blood include :

• It supplies oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and rest of the body.
• It supplies essential nutrients to cells such as Amino acid, Fatty acid, Glucose etc.
• It transports waste products to be removed by kidney.
• It transports hormones.
• It has role in inflammation. Eg. leucocytes destroys microorganisms, Platelets initiate blood clotting etc.
• It regulates our body temperature.
• It regulates pH by interacting acids and bases.

Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss. carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection. bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood. regulating body temperature.