Mass of the Body = 10 kg.

Height = 5 m.

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s².

Using the Formula,Potential Energy = mgh

 = 10 × 9.8 × 5 = 98 × 5 = 490 J.

Atomicity

The number of atoms present in a single molecule is termed as its atomicity. It can be classified into three types.

• The molecules of many elements are composed of only a single atom of that element. They are termed as monoatomic. For instance, Ar (Argon), He(Helium). So their atomicity is one.
• On the other hand the molecules of many elements are composed of two atoms of that element. For instance, oxygen can never exist independently and exist as O₂ molecule known as diatomic So its atomicity is 2.
• The molecules of many elements are composed of three atoms of that element. They are termed as triatomic For instance, O₃, CO₂. So their atomicity is 3.
• The molecules of many elements are composed of four atoms of that element. They are termed as tetra atomic For instance, P₄, SO₃. So their atomicity is 4.

Mass is given as 32gms

Volume is 200ml

M/v %is m/v x 100

32/200 x 100

= 18

Vector

Velocity is physical vector quantity ;both magnitude and direction are needed to define it .the scalar absolute value of velocity is called speed ,being a coherent DERIVED unit whose quantity is measured SI as metre per second or as the SI base unit of (m⋅s−1)

If the formula of a chloride of a metal M is MCl₃​, then the formula of the phosphate of metal M will be MPO_4​.

Since, the formula of a chloride of a metal M is MCl₃​, the metal is trivalent (because chlorine is monovalent). Phosphate is trivalent. Hence, one M³⁺ ion will combine with one PO₄³⁻​ ion to maintain electrical neutrality.

Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus (which is where DNA and RNA are stored in eukaryotic cells), mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus, and other membrane bound organelles. In addition to the lack of organelles, prokaryotic cells also lack a cytoskeleton.

MPO₄

Valency of chlorine is -1 hence valence of metal in the given compound MCl3​ is +3. Valency of phosphate ion is PO43−​. By cross multiplication method, formula of the given compound is MPO4​, as valency of both is same they combine in unit ratio.

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

The state of motion of an object is defined by its velocity - the speed with a direction. Thus, inertia could be redefined as follows: Inertia: tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity. An object at rest has zero velocity - and (in the absence of an unbalanced force) will remain with a zero velocity. Such an object will not change its state of motion (i.e., velocity) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. An object in motion with a velocity of 2 m/s, East will (in the absence of an unbalanced force) remain in motion with a velocity of 2 m/s, East. Such an object will not change its state of motion (i.e., velocity) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Objects resist changes in their velocity.

Vector

Displacement is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point P. Thus, it is the length of an imaginary straight path, typically distinct from the path actually traveled by P. So displacement has both the magnitude as well as direction. So it is a vector.

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which the new offspring arise from a single parent. The offsprings are identical to each other, both physically as well as genetically. They are the exact copies of their parent cell.

Organisms choose to reproduce asexually by different means. Some of the asexual methods are binary fission (e.g. Amoeba, bacteria), budding (e.g. Hydra), fragmentation (e.g. Planaria), spore formation (e.g. ferns) and vegetative propagation (e.g. Onion).

Biomolecules are the molecules present in a living organism.  These biomolecules are fundamental building blocks of living organisms as they support the biological processes essential for life. Eg carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins, etc. Carbohydrates are involved in energy storage; the hormones catalyze the biochemical reactions; DNA/RNA store/transmit the genetic codes of a living being.

Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. These non-living molecules are the actual foot-soldiers of the battle of sustenance of life. They range from small molecules such as primary and secondary metabolites and hormones to large macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids etc.

There are four major classes of Biomolecules –  Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids and Lipids.

tructure of flame

A flame consist of three zones.These are Innermost zone,middle zone,outer zone.The three zones of a flame have different colours and different temperature.

1) The Innermost zone of a flame is dark or black:It consist of hot,unburnt vapours of the combustible material.It is the least hot part of the flame.It is the coldest part of the flame.

2)The middle zone of a flame is yellow:It is bright and luminous.The fuel vapours burn partially in the middle zone because there is not enough air of burning in this zone.The partial burning of fuel in the middle zone produces carbon particles.These carbon particles then leave the flame as smoke and soot.It has moderate temperature.

3)The outer zone of a flame is blue:It is a non-luminous zone.In this zone,complete combustion of the fuel takes place because there is plenty of air around it.The outermost zone has the highest temperature in the flame.It is the hottest part of the flame.It is quite thin as compared to middle zone.

Brownian movement or motion is zigzag, random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions between these particles and the molecules of the liquid or gas.

One of the most common examples of Brownian motion is diffusion. Cases, where pollutants are diffused in air or calcium diffused in bones can be considered examples of this effect.

A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows:

Provides Support and Structure

All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants.

Facilitate Growth Mitosis

In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the growth in an organism.

Allows Transport of Substances

Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going on inside the cells. The waste produced by the chemical processes is eliminated from the cells by active and passive transport. Small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol diffuse across the cell membrane along the concentration gradient. This is known as passive transport. The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane through active transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the substances.

Energy Production

Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cells through a process called photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.

Stages of Mitosis

Right before prophase, the cell spends most of its life in the interphase, where preparations are made before the beginning of mitosis (the DNA is copied). However, since the actual process involves the division of the nucleus, prophase is technically the first stage of this process.

The different stages of mitosis occurring during celldivision are given as follows-

Interphase

Before entering mitosis, a cell spends a period of its growth under interphase. It undergoes the following phases when in interphase:

• G1 Phase: This is the period before the synthesis of DNA.
• S Phase: This is the phase during which DNA synthesis takes place.
• G2 Phase: This is the phase between the end of DNA synthesis and the beginning of prophase.

Prophase

Prophase immediately follows S and G2 phase of the cycle and is marked by condensation of the genetic material to form compact mitotic chromosomes composed of two chromatids attached at the centromere.

The completion of prophase is characterised by the initiation of the assembly of the mitotic spindle, the microtubules, and the proteinaceous components of cytoplasm that help in the process.

The nuclear envelope starts disintegrating.

Prometaphase

In the prometaphase, the nuclear envelop disintegrates. Now the microtubules are allowed to extend from the centromere to the chromosome. The microtubules attach to the kinetochores which allow the cell to move the chromosome around.

Metaphase

At this stage, the microtubules start pulling the chromosomes with equal force, and the chromosome ends up in the middle of the cell. This region is known as the metaphase plate. Thus, each cell gets an entire functioning genome.

Anaphase

The splitting of the sister chromatids marks the onset of anaphase. These sister chromatids become the chromosome of the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes are then pulled towards the pole by the fibres attached to the kinetochores of each chromosome. The centromere of each chromosome leads at the edge while the arms trail behind it.

Telophase

The chromosomes that cluster at the two poles start coalescing into an undifferentiated mass, as the nuclear envelope starts forming around it. The nucleolus, Golgi bodies and ER complex, which had disappeared after prophase start to reappear.

Telophase

Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, which denotes the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Thus, it marks the completion of cell division.

Damage to infrastructure also causes long-term impacts, such as disruptions to supplies of clean water, wastewater treatment, electricity, transport, communication, education and health care.

Measures that must be taken to prevent more flooding in the...

1. Introduce better flood warning systems. ...
2. Modify homes and businesses to help them withstand floods. ...
3. Construct buildings above flood levels. ...
4. Tackle climate change. ...
5. Increase spending on flood defences. ...
6. Protect wetlands and introduce plant trees strategically. ...
7. Restore rivers to their natural courses. ...
8. Introduce water storage areas.

Earth's atmosphere also plays a vital role in regulating the temperature by providing a blanket of gases that not only protects us from excessive heat and harmful radiation from the sun, but also traps heat rising from the Earth's interior, keeping us warm. Influences how quickly atoms & molecules move Low temperatures cause chemicals to react slowly, which interferes with the reactions necessary for life. Life seems limited to a temperature range of minus 15oC to 115oC. In this range, liquid water can still exist under certain conditions.

Newton’s First Law of Motion:

Any object remains in the state of rest or in uniform motion along a straight line, until it is compelled to change the state by applying external force.

Explanation: If any object is in the state of rest, then it will remain in rest untill a exernal force is applied to change its state. Similarly an object will remain in motion untill any exeternal force is applied over it to change its state. This means all objects resist to in changing their state. The state of any object can be changed by applying external forces only.

Gas: Matters which have indefinite shape and volume are called gases. For example - air, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon-dioxide, etc.

Properties of gas

• Gas has indefinite shape
• Gas has no fixed volume.
• Gas gets the shape and volume of container.
• Gas fills the container completely.
• Gas has very low density.
• Because of low density gas are light.
• Gas can flow easily and hence are called fluid.

Given :

▪ Mass of block A = 1kg

▪ Mass of block B = 2kg

▪ Applied force on block A = 10N

To Find :

▪ Acceleration of the system.

▪ Magnitude of action/reaction force b/w both blocks.

Concept :

→ As per Newton's second law of motion, Ner force acting on the system is defined as the product of mass and acceleration.

→ It is a vector quantity.

→ As per Newton's third law of motion,

Reaction = -(Action )

[Note : Negative sign shows opposite direction.]

Calculation :

✴ Acceleration of the system :

✴ Action/Reaction force b/w A and B :