There are 2 resons for which the weight at equator is less that of poles :

1. Rotation of the earth:

The general equation for gravitational acceleration at various latitudes can be given as:

• r is radius of earth ,  is angular velocity of earth and  is angle of latitude.

Now, at equator , value of  =0°, but at poles = 90° , so we can say:

• Since the gravitational acceleration at the equator is less than that of the poles an object will have lesser weight at the equator.

2. Spheroidal shape of earth:

• The it is not completely spherical and the radius at the equator is slightly greater as compared to that of the poles.

• That is why , the gravitational acceleration at the equator is slightly less as compared to that of the poles.

• And hence the weight is lesser at the poles.

+1 ions : Ammonium, Cesium, Copper, Ethyl, Francium , Gold, Hydrogen, Lithium, Mercury, Potassium, Rubidium, Sodium

+2 ions: Ba+2, Beryllium, Cadmium, Calcium, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Mercury, Polonium, Radium, Titanium,  Ytterbium, Zinc

+3 ions : Al+3 ; Sb+3 ; Bi+3 ; Co+3 ; Ga+3 ; Au+3 ;  Fe+3 ; Y+3

+4 ions: Pb+4 ; Po+4 ;  Si+4 ; Ti+4 ; Zr+4

+5 ions: Sb+5 ; Bi+5

+6 ions: Po+6  

+7 ion : Mn+7

4- ions : Ferrocyanide[ Fe(CN)6 ]4-, Pyrophosphate [P2O7] 4-, Silicate [SiO4] 4-, Silicide Si4-

3- ions : Antimonide Sb3-, Arsenate [AsO4] 3-, Arsenide As3-, Borate [BO3] 3-, Boride B3-, Citrate [C6H5O7] 3-, Hypophosphite [PO2] 3-, Nitride N3-, Perphosphate [PO5] 3-, Phosphate [PO4] 3-, Phosphide P3-, Phosphite [PO3] 3-

2- ions : Carbonate [CO3] 2-, Dichromate [Cr2O7] 2-, Hydrogen Phosphate [HPO4] 2-, Molybdate [MoO3] 2-, Oxalate [C2O4] 2-, Oxide O2-, Percarbonate [CO4]2-, Peroxide [O2] 2-, Tellurite [TeO3] 2-, Thiosulfate [S2O3] 2-, Titanate [TiO3] 2-

1- ion : Acetate, Aluminate, Bromate BrO3-, Bromide Br-, Bromite BrO2-, Chlorate ClO3-, Chloride Cl-, Chlorite ClO2-, Chromate CrO4-, Cyanate OCN-, Cyanide CN-, Dihydrogen Phosphate H2PO4-, Dihydrogen Phosphite H2PO3-, X-, thiocyanate, permanganate

Separate the sublimating substance (Naphthalene / Anthracene / Camphor / Ammonium chloride) from the mixture through the process of sublimation.To start sublimation, click on the 'Start Sublimation' button.To heat the mixture in the china dish, drag the china dish over the Bunsen burner.

 Hence to separate a volatile compound (sublimate) from a non-volatile compound (non-sublimate), the sublimation process is used.

In a China dish the mixture is kept, and is placed on a stand. An inverted funnel is kept over the mixture in China dish with plugged stem. The sublimate on heating gets collected on the funnel and common salt remains in the China dish.

ANSWER
Water is a compound and a compound forms whenever two or more atoms atoms form chemical bonds with each other. The chemical formula for water is H 2 O which means each molecule of water consists of one oxygen atom chemically bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

Hybridisation is defined as the process of interbreeding between two genetically divergent individuals or two individuals of different species. Therefore, the statement (i) is correct.
Interspecific hybridisation means cross mating between two different species but sharing same genera. For example, a cross breed between a lion and a tiger, they both are from same genus Panthera but different species. So the statement that cross between two varieties is called interspecific hybridisation is wrong.
I am a brinjal farmer, my brinjals are being infected by some beetles every year. I spend a huge sum of money on insecticides and pesticides to protect my crop. Then, a biotechnology company approaches me with a new strain or variety of brinjal plants which have the capability to produce a natural pesticide that makes it resistant to the beetles. My crop is not only saved, but  I also get good yield of brinjals now and earn a lot of money. I do not have to spend extra money on pesticides and insecticides. Basically, I got a brinjal plant with gene of desired character and got a desired genetically modified brinjal plants. Therefore, the statement (iii) is correct.
When the parent plants cross bred are from the same species, but of different variety is called intervarietal hybridisation. For example, a cross bred between two different varieties of wheat plant. They belong to the same species but they are of different variety. Therefore, the statement (iv) is wrong.
Hence, we can conclude that (i) and (iii) are correct statements.
 

Hybridisation is defined as the process of interbreeding between two genetically divergent individuals or two individuals of different species. Therefore, the statement (i) is correct.
Interspecific hybridisation means cross mating between two different species but sharing same genera. For example, a cross breed between a lion and a tiger, they both are from same genus Panthera but different species. So the statement that cross between two varieties is called interspecific hybridisation is wrong.
I am a brinjal farmer, my brinjals are being infected by some beetles every year. I spend a huge sum of money on insecticides and pesticides to protect my crop. Then, a biotechnology company approaches me with a new strain or variety of brinjal plants which have the capability to produce a natural pesticide that makes it resistant to the beetles. My crop is not only saved, but  I also get good yield of brinjals now and earn a lot of money. I do not have to spend extra money on pesticides and insecticides. Basically, I got a brinjal plant with gene of desired character and got a desired genetically modified brinjal plants. Therefore, the statement (iii) is correct.
When the parent plants cross bred are from the same species, but of different variety is called intervarietal hybridisation. For example, a cross bred between two different varieties of wheat plant. They belong to the same species but they are of different variety. Therefore, the statement (iv) is wrong.
Hence, we can conclude that (i) and (iii) are correct statements.
 

1. Which one is an oil yielding plant among the following ?

(a) Lentil

(b) Sunflower

(c) Cauliflower

(d) Hibiscus

Soln: (b) Sunflower

Explanation:

Lentils are pulse yielding plants. Cauliflower is a vegetable and Hibiscus is a flower, whereas Sunflower is used to make oil.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word :

If the weight of a body is 6 N on the moon, it will be about……………………… on the earth.

SOLUTION

 If the weight of a body is 6 N on the moon, it will be about 36N on the earth.

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Sclerenchyma cells are the permanent tissues present in the plants. They provide hardness and stiffness to the plant and are composed of dead cells. This tissue is present in stems around vascular bundles in the veins of leaves and in hard covering of seeds and nuts. e.g., the husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchymatous tissues. The cells of Sclerenchyma are long narrow and thickened due to lignin.

Which one is an oil yielding plant among the following ?

(a) Lentil

(b) Sunflower

(c) Cauliflower

(d) Hibiscus

Soln: (b) Sunflower

Explanation:

Lentils are pulse yielding plants. Cauliflower is a vegetable and Hibiscus is a flower, whereas Sunflower is used to make oil.

As an example, consider sodium chloride, NaCl, the chemical name for common table salt. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound composed of sodium cations, Na+, and chloride anions, Cl−, combined in a 1:1 ratio. The formula mass for this compound is computed as 58.44 amu 


Aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3,The formula for this compound indicates it contains Al3+ and SO42−ions combined in a 2:3 ratio. For purposes of computing a formula mass, it is helpful to rewrite the formula in the simpler format, Al2S3O12. 

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 The rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen elements are:

         (i) The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is formula—2n²

              n = orbit number i.e., 1, 2, 3

              Maximum number of electrons in different shells are:

              K shell n = 1 2n² ⇒ 2(1)² = 2

              L shell n = 2 2n² ⇒ 2(2)² = 8

              M shell n = 3 2n² ⇒ 2(3)² = 18

              N shell n = 4 2n² ⇒ 2(4)² = 32

         (ii) The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8.

         (iii) Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell unless the inner shells are filled. (Shells are filled step-wise).

SIMPLE

• The cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.
• The lining of oesophagus and the mouth are covered with squamous epithelium.

STRATIFIED

• The cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
• Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is called stratified squamous
• The skin, which protects the body, is made of squamous epithelium.

COLUMNAR

• The columnar (meaning ‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier.
• It is present where absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells are present.
• In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells.
• These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward to clear it. This type of epithelium is thus ciliated columnar epithelium.

CUBOIDAL

• Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support.
• Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland cells, which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface.
• Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue folds inward and a multicellular gland is formed.