Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem. Biodiversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans

Nucleus is well organized and large where as nucleiod is poorly defined and small..

A nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material of eukaryotes in DNA. The nucleus consists of protein fibres or the DNA inside chromatin fibres. Nucleoids contain the genetic material of prokaryotes in the cytoplasm. The nucleoids usually consist of a single chromosome.

. Matter are very very small in size .matter have space between them .particles of matter are constantly moving .particles of matter attract each other

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The difference in the characteristics of three states of matter- (i) Shape-  Solid has fixed formliquid has no fixed shapegas has no fixed shape               (ii) Volume- Solid has fixed volumethe fluid has fixed volumegas has no fixed volume (iii) Rigidity/fluidity- Solids are rigid and cannot flowfluid can flow and have no any rigiditygas can flow and have no rigidity (iv) Intermolecular force and space- Solids have a high intermolecular force and less spaceliquid has an intermediate intermolecular force and has space more than solidsGas has a very less intermolecular force and has high space

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The substances like CO₂ and water move in and out of a cell by diffusion from the region of high concentration to low concentration. When the concentration of CO2 and water is higher in external environment than that inside the cell, CO₂ and water moves inside the cell.

For example, breaking a chalk is easier than breaking a nail. This proves that attraction varies fromparticles of one substance to anoth

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Because surface area of saucer is larger than cup

Because of the surface area when we drink tea in cup it stays hot for a while because it has less surface area than a saucer and heat energy and wind

Because evaporation increases on increasing the surface area that is a factor evaporation

Separation of 2 Immiscible liquids is done using a separating funnel. The above figure shows a separating funnel clamped to a stand. In this case the mixture to be separated contains oil and water.
Immiscible liquids do not mix well and have different densities. When the mixture is left undisturbed, the denser liquid comes to the bottom of the funnel, and the lighter liquid stays on top of it. Now by operating a stopcock carefully, one can transfer the denser liquid (here, water) to the conical flask. The stopcock is closed when water is completely transferred from the tunnel. The separation is done multiple times to ensure complete separation of the two components. Oil remains in the funnel and water is in a conical flask.

Vegetables has higher concentration of water . When add salt to it starts releasing water by the process of osmosis .

When the pump starts, the pressure inside the pipe decreases and water in the well where the pressure is high , the water moves from high pressure to low pressure and the water is drawn from the well.

When the piston is pulled up, air pressure inside syringe reduces as compared to atmospheric pressure because of increase in volume. While pressure outside syringe is more than that. So, it pushes liquid into the syringe.

You need to get really close to get to smell the unlit incense stick whereas when we light the incense stick we can get the smell even from a distance.
The reason is simple. When we light the incense stick the kinetic energy increases. Due to the increase in kinetic energy the particles vibrate more quickly. the particles of the aroma of the lit incense stick thus diffuse faster in the air and reach us far away.

No, it isn't possible to break a stream of water with fingers.
The reason for this is that water is a liquid and its atoms are bonded together by attractive forces. Although the inter molecular attraction forces in water (liquids) is a bit lesser than solids so  the molecules can move around freely, but these forces are strong enough to bind the water molecules with considerable force so that they don't break apart.

The molecules are continually colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. When a molecule collides with the wall, they exert small force on the wall The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the sum of all these collision forces.

Heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture

Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures.

Darshan

1. All the living organisms are made up of fundamental unit of life called “ cell”. 2. The cell is a Latin word for “a little room”. 3. The scientist Robert Hooke saw a little room in the cork (the bark of a tree) resembled the structure of a honeycomb. The use of the word “Cell” to describe these units is used till this day in Biology as” Cell Biology”. 4. The Compound Microscope consist eye piece,objective lens and condenser to observe a cell after putting a drop of Safranin (for plant cell) and methylene blue (for animal cell). 5. The scientist Leeuwenhoek saw free living cells in the pond water for the first time. (father of microbiology) 6. The scientist Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in the cell. 7. The cell theory states that all the plants and animals are composed of cells, it was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann. 8. The cell theory was further expanded by Virchow by suggesting that “all cells arise from the pre-existing cells”. 9. The cells differ in size, shape, structure (Please refer to Fig. 5.2/5.3: Onion peel/Various cells in Human body, NCERT Book Page-57/58): Types of cells: Onion cells, Smooth muscle cell, Blood cells, Bone cell, Fat cell, Nerve cell, Ovum, Sperm etc. Each kind of cell performs specific function. 10. A single cell may constitute a whole organism as in Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium and Bacteria; these are called as unicellular organisms. Whereas in multi-cellular organisms (Human beings) division of labor is seen. 11. The feature in almost every cell is same: Plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. 12. Plasma membrane: It is the outermost covering of the cell. It is called as selective permeable membrane (because it prevents movement of some materials). It helps in diffusion and osmosis Diffusion: movement of substance from high concentration to low concentration. Eg; exchange of carbon dioxide or oxygen with external environment.  Osmosis: it is the passage of water from the region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a selective permeable membrane.  a) The cell gains water, if the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration (Hypotonic solution) than the cell. b) The cell maintains the same water concentration as the cell (Isotonic solution), water crosses the cell membrane in both directions. c) The cell loses water, if the medium has lower water concentration (Hypertonic solution) than the cell. Note - The cell drinking is endosmosis; omission of water is called ex-osmosis.  13. The cell engulfs food is called endocytosis and ejects solid is called exocytosis. Amoeba acquires food through endocytosis and excretion of solid is called exocytosis. 14. The cell wall is a rigid outer covering composed of cellulose. It provides structural strength to plant cells. When a living cell loses water, there is shrinkage of contents of a cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is called as plasmolysis. The cell walls permit the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria to withstand very dilute (Hypotonic) external media without bursting. 15. The Nucleus: It is a dark colored, spherical or oval, dot-like structure near the center of a cell called Nucleus. The nucleus plays a central role in cellular activities/reproduction. The chromatin material gets organized into chromosomes. The chromosomes containinformation for inheritance of features from parents to next generations in the form of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid ) and protein molecules. The functional segments of DNA are called genes. 16. In some organisms like Bacteria nucleus is not covered by nuclear membrane. Hence it is called as prokaryote. (Pro= primitive; karyote = karyon = nucleus.) The organisms with cells having a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes. 17. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Size: generally small (1-10 µm) Size: generally large. (5-500 µm) Nuclear region: Not well defined and not surrounded by a nuclear membrane & known as nucleoids. Nuclear region: Well defined and surrounded by a nuclear membrane Chromosome: Single Chromosome: More than one Chromosome Membrane-bound cell organellesAbsent Membrane-bound cell organellespresent Eg- bacteria, blue green algae Eg fungi, plant cell and animal cell. 18. Cell organelles: Every cell has fluid matrix (other than nucleus) is called cytoplasm. The nucleus and cytoplasm is together called as protoplasm. The protoplasm term was coined by Purkinje. It has important cell organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Plastids, and vacuoles. 19. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): It is a large network of membrane –bound tubules and vesicles. There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) (It looks rough because Ribosome’s are attached to its surface. They are the sites of protein synthesis). Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) (It looks smooth because Ribosome’s are not attached to its surface. They are the sites of fat molecules synthesis). 1. SER; help in the functioning of enzymes and hormones to carryout biochemical activities. 2. SER detoxifies many poisons and drugs from the cell. 3. ER serves as channel for the transport of material between various regions of the cytoplasm and the nucleus. 4. Proteins and fat molecules produced by ER helps in membrane biogenesis. 21. Lysosomes: They contain membrane-bound sacs with powerful digestive enzymes (enzymes are made by RER) to digest the worn-out cell organelles. When the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst and the enzymes digest their own cell, hence called as “Suicidal bags of a cell”. It is a waste disposal system of the cell. 22. Mitochondria: It is covered by a double membrane. Outer membrane is very porous and the inner membrane is deeply folded. These folds create a large surface area for ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) molecule synthesis. ATP is the energy currency of a cell; hence the Mitochondria are called as Power House of a Cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and Ribosome’s; therefore they can make their own proteins. 23. Plastids: They are present only in plant cells. They are of two types. 1. Chromoplasts (Colored Plastids: Chloroplasts – Green pigmented and useful in Photosynthesis and also contains various other pigments like yellow or orange) 2. Leucoplasts (White or colorless plastids; stores materials such as oils, proteins, fats etc. ) Plastids are also covered by a double membrane. The matrix is called Stroma, seat for enzymatic actions. Plastids have their own DNA and Ribosome’s; therefore they can make their own proteins. 24. Vacuoles: Storage sacs for solid or liquid contents. They are small in size in animals while plants have large, may occupy 50-90 % of the cell volume. Helps to provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell. Many substances like amino acids, sugars, organi acids and proteins are stored in vacuoles. In Amoeba food vacuole is specialized to play an important role. 25. Cell: It is the fundamental structural unit of living organisms, helps in respiration, obtaining nutrition and clearing waste material or forming a new protein. Differences between Plant cell and Animal Cell ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Cell wall absent Cell wall present Plasma membrane is the outer layer which provides turgidity to the cell Cell wall is the outer layer which gives rigidity and turgidity to the cell Vacuoles are small in size Vacuoles are big in size Plastids are absent Plastids are present Nucleus lies in the centre. Nucleus lies on one side

Basic characteristics of a cell are as follows: (i) Cell is structural and functional unit of all living beings. (ii) Cells can replicate independently. (iii) Cells perform all the life sustaining activities by themselves

1) Cell are the building blocks of all plants and animals. 2) A cell is capable of independent exist and perform all the basic functions of life. 3) The old and worn out cells are continually replaced by new cells.

Cell membrane . Cytoplasm . And DNA

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Steam has more energy than boiling water. It possesses the additional latent heat of vaporization. ... Steam has more energy than boiling water. Therefore, burns produced by steam are more severe than those produced by boiling water.

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position.A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position.

Despite the fact that there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by using physical (mechanical or thermal) means.

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Velocity is speed with a direction. Saying Ariel the Dog runs at 9 km/h (kilometers per hour) is a speed. But saying he runs 9 km/h Westwards is a velocity. ... Speed and Velocity. Speed Velocity Has: magnitude magnitude and direction Example: 60 km/h 60 km/h North Example: 5 m/s 5 m/s upwards

1. If you use the same force to push a truck and a car, the car will have more acceleration than the truck because the car has less mass.
2. It is easier to push an empty shopping cart than a full one, because the full shopping cart has more mass than the empty one. This means that more force is required to push the shopping cart.
3. When a person kicks a ball the person exerts force in a specific direction, that is the direction in which it will travel. In addition to this, the stronger the ball is kicked, the stronger the force we put on it and the further away it will travel.
4. Suppose two people are walking and among the two people, if one is heavier than the other, then the one weighing heavier will walk slower because the acceleration of the person weighing lighter is greater.
5. When riding a bicycle, the bicycle acts as mass and our leg muscles pushing on the pedals of the bicycle is the force.

The substances like CO₂ and water move in and out of a cell by diffusion from the region of high concentration to low concentration. When the concentration of CO₂ and water is higher in external environment than that inside the cell, CO₂ and water moves inside the cell. When the concentration outside the cell becomes low and it is high inside the cell, they moves out.

[?] Carbon dioxide moves across the cell membrane by diffusion. When CO2 concentration in the cell increase in comparison of the CO2 concentration outside the cell there is spontaneous movement of CO2 from region of higher concentration to a region of its low concentration. [?] Water molecules move through selectively permeable plasma membrane by osmosis. Dissolved substance present in water affect the movement of water across plasma membrane.

Distance = Length of path travelled
= AB + BC
= 15 + 9
= 24 km
Displacement = Shortest path from initial to final position
= AC
= (AB)² +(BC)² {Pythagoras Theorem}
= 225 + 81
= 17.5 km