Information Technology that enables the business by improving the quality of service is Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS). ITeS is also called web-enabled services or remote services that cover the entire operations which exploit Information Technology for improving the efficiency of an organisation. These services provide a wide range of career options that include opportunities in all offices like call centres, payrolls, logistics management, revenue claims processing, medical billing, coding, medical transcription, legal databases, back office operations, content development, GIS (geographical information system), web services and Human Resource (HR) services, etc. ITeS is defined as outsourcing of processes that can be enabled with information technology and covers diverse areas like finance, HR, administration, health care, telecommunication, manufacturing, etc.

The main data storage in most computers is the hard disk drive. It is a spinning disk or disks with magnetic coatings and heads that can read or write magnetic information, similar to how cassette tapes work. At a high level, all computers are made up of a processor (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. Each computer receives input from a variety of devices, processes that data with the CPU and memory, and sends results to some form of output.

 functions of operating system,.
Answer:

1. Device management
   In a computer system, there is a tremendous speed mismatch between the CPU and the I/O devices. The job of an operating system is to maintain a balance between the CPU and I/O devices. Apart from this, it has to maintain a balance between various I/O devices and has to keep the CPU busy in various processing.
2. Processor Management
   A process or a job is an application program in running state. Processor management is the important part of an OS, which enables the activities of planning, monitoring and performing a process. During execution, a process needs certain resources such as CPU time, memory space, files and I/O devices.

1. Security – The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
2. Control over system performance – Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the response time between service requests and system response to have a complete view of the system health. This can help improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.
3. Job accounting – Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of user.
4. Error detecting aids – Operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning of computer system.

Operating System :

An operating system is a system software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware resources . It provides a variety of services to the computer .

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) mean?

Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is the most popular connection used to connect a computer to devices such as digital cameras, printers, scanners, and external hard drives. USB is a cross-platform technology that is supported by most of the major operating systems. On Windows, it can be used with Windows 98 and higher. USB is a hot-swappable technology, meaning that USB devices can be added and removed without having to restart the computer. USB is also “plug and play”. When you connect a USB device to your PC, Windows should detect the device and even install the drivers needed to use it

1.Principle of clarity, i.e., every point in the communication should be clear having no ambiguity and conveying the same sense and spirit.

2. Principle of attention, i.e., Communication must draw attention of the communicate.

3. Principle of consistency : This principle implies that communication should always be consistent with the plans, objectives, policies and programmes of the organization and not conflicting. Inconsistent messages always create chaos and confusion in the minds of people which is highly detrimental to the interest of the enterprise.

4. Principle of Adequacy : This implies that the information should be adequate and complete in all respect. Incomplete and inadequate information delays actions and destroys understanding and relations. Efficiency of communicator and communicate is also affected.

5. Principle of Integration : Communication is a means to an end and not an end in itself. It should promote co-operation among people at work to achieve the organizational objectives.

6. Principle of Timeliness : Information of ideas should be communicated at the proper time. Any delay in communicating the messages will serve no purpose except to make them (messages) mere historical documents as they lose their importance and effectiveness by the lapse of time.

7. Principle of Informality : Formal communication, however is important in a formal organization but informal communication does not lose its place in the organization. Managers or executives should become much informal in their behaviour with his subordinates. But in certain situations where they are the sole and best judge, informality may be avoided.

 

- Laptop,

- Supercomputer,

- PDA,

- Desktop Personal Computer,

- Mainframe Computer,

– Embedded Computer​

Network topology refers to the physical layout of the network. It shows the geometrical representation of all links and linking devices, also called nodes. Its types are as:

1. Bus topology: computers are connected to a single continuous cable that is called bus. A bus must be terminated on both sides to prevent signal bounce and computers are connected to the bus with the help of drop line and T-connector.

2. Star topology: Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

3. Ring topology: In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

4. Mesh topology: Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.

The processes are: 1. Sender 2. Transmission 3. Noise 4. Receiver 5. Feedback.

Process # 1. Sender:

Communication starts with the sender, who is the initiator of the message. After generating an idea, the sender encodes it in a way that can be comprehended by the receiver. Encoding refers to the process by which the sender translates his thoughts into a series of verbal and non-verbal actions that he feels will communicate the message to the intended receiver. For example, translating the thought into any language.

Process # 2. Transmission:

The information that the sender wants to communicate is transmitted over a channel through which the message travels to the receiver. A channel connects the sender to the receiver. Channels for communication may include a memorandum, a computer, a telephone, a telegram, or a television.

The choice of a channel depends on the communication situation. For instance, when dealing with confidential information, direct face-to-face interaction or a sealed letter are more effective channels than a telephone conversation.

Process # 3. Noise:

Noise is anything that has a disturbing influence on the message. Since noise hinders communication, the sender should choose a channel that is free from noise. Noise may occur at the sender’s end, during transmission, or at the receiver’s end.

Examples of noise include:i. Ambiguous symbols that lead to faulty encoding

ii. A poor telephone connection

iii. An inattentive receiver

iv. Faulty decoding (attaching the wrong meaning to the message)

v. Prejudices obstructing the poor understanding of a message

vi. Gestures and postures that may distort the message

Process # 5. Receiver:

The receiver is the person to whom the message is transmitted. In order to decode the message, the receiver has to be ready to receive the message. That is. the receiver should not be preoccupied with other thoughts that might cause him to pay insufficient attention to the message. Decoding refers to the process of translation of symbols encoded by the sender into ideas that can be understood.

Communication can be considered effective only when both the sender and the receiver attach similar meanings to the symbols that compose the message. For example, a message in technical jargon requires a recipient who understands such terms. Communication is not complete unless it is understood by both the sender and the receiver.

Process # 6. Feedback:

A message generated by the receiver in response to the sender’s original message is known as feedback. Feedback is necessary to ensure that the message has been effectively encoded, transmitted, decoded and understood.

It helps a sender evaluate the effectiveness of his message, so that he can modify his subsequent messages. Feedback also confirms whether there has been any change in the behavior of the individual or in the organization as a result of communication.

The communication model discussed above provides the basic framework of the communication process, identifies the key elements (sender, transmission, receiver, noise and feedback), and shows their relationships. This framework helps managers pinpoint communication.

Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state.