1) War of succession: Due to fight between brothers for throne and consequent politics led to weakening of mughal hold on administration.
2) Aurangzeb's religious Policies: Religious fanaticism of Aurangzeb led to unity among Hindu which were divided on account of policy of inclusion of Akbar.
3) Weak Successors of Aurangzeb: After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, successors were weak and not able to hold administration effectively.
4) Empty Treasury due to frequent wars and lifestyle of Mughal: Due to frequent wars and lavish lifestyle of mughal treasury was empty. It impacted military and security expenditure and further led to the weakening of the defence mechanism.
5) Invasions by various forces:  Invasion by Nadir Shah from North-West as well as British forces started exploitation by various means helped in the weakening of already weak Mughal.
6) Rise in Feudalism: Due to lack of strong central figure, there was a rise in Feudalism which started bargaining with Mughals for military support.
7) New technology weapons of the British: British were armed with new age weapons whereas Mughals still used the medieval time weapons. Complete lack of new technology gave advantage to the rival groups.

In respect to the heirechy of needs, this statement holds as one would rather first have provision for basic needs then political rights. This however does not write off the fact that for one to enjoy their economical freedom, they need political freedom.
It is safe to say that economic equality paves way for political equality. This is especially so if you look at examples of the nations referred to as superpowers like the US,Russia and the UK; due to their economic status, these countries are political forces in the world. Therefore if you can provide economic equality, you can easily transition it to political equality.

If there are no restrictions on the power of the elected representatives the leaders might misuse the powers given to them. The Indian Constitution provides safeguards against this misuse of power by our political leaders. The Constitution lays down rules that guard the citizens against misuse of power.

The East India company of textiles appointed paid labour servants who were responsible for supervising weavers , collecting the supplies and examining the quality of cloth they were called “GOMASTHAS”.

Separation of powers is also known as trias politica. This term was coined by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, an 18th century French social and political philosopher.

Separation of powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. The normal division of branches is into a legislature, an executive and a judiciary.

All democratic countries are most likely to have a constitution. However, there are exceptions. A democratic country may not have a constitution. For example, Britain does not have a codified constitution. It has an unwritten constitution formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments and conventions.

A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from the legislative branch. India has a parliamentary form of government which is a feature borrowed from the British Constitution. The President is the head of the state and Prime Minister is the head of the government. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. It consists of President and two houses - Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha and stay in office as long as they enjoy its confidence.

In a federation system, there are two seats of power that are autonomous in their own spheres. A federal system is different from a unitary system in that sovereignty is constitutionally split between two territorial levels so that each level can act independently of each other in some areas.

There are two kinds of federations:

1. Holding Together Federation – in this type, powers are shared between various constituent parts to accommodate the diversity in the whole entity. Here, powers are generally tilted towards the central authority. Example: India, Spain, Belgium.
2. Coming Together Federation – in this type, independent states come together to form a larger unit. Here, states enjoy more autonomy as compared to the holding together kind of federation. Example: USA, Australia, Switzerland.

European trading companies ventured across the oceans so as to look for new lands from where they could buy goods at a cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. Indian spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand. Hence European trading companies were attracted to India.

Following are the key features of Indian constitution.

1) Federalism: It refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country. These are at the state and at the central levels. Citizens are governed by laws & policies made by each of these levels of government.

2) Parliamentary Form of Government: The Constitution of Indian guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens. This means every citizen of the country irrespective of his/her social background have a direct role in electing their representatives.

Representatives are thus accountable to the people in a parliamentary form of government.

3) Separation of Powers: There are three organs of the State: (a) the Legislature (b) the Executive and (c) the Judiciary.

a)The legislature refers to our elected representative; those who makes laws.

b) The executive is a smaller group of people who are responsible for implementing laws and running the government.

c) The judiciary refers to the system of courts in the country; who settles disputes and makes sure that laws are obeyed.

Each organ acts as a check on the other organs ofthe State and this ensures the balance of power between all three.

4) Fundamental Rights:

(i) The Fundamental Rights are referred to as the ‘conscience’ of Indian Constitution. Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute exercise of power by the state.

(ii) The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State as well as against other individuals.

(iii) There are six Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution, which are: (i) Right to Equality; (ii) Right to Freedom; (iii) Right against Exploitation; (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion; (v) Cultural and Educational Rights; (vi) Right to Freedom of Religion; (iv) Right to Constitution Remedies.

(iv) In addition to Fundamental Rights, the Constitution has a section called Directive Principles of State Policy. It ensures greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to independent Indian state to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses.

5) Secularism

A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to, including the representatives that we elect to rule us.

Constitution has been changed over the years to reflect new concerns of the polity that involves a change in the fundamental nature of the country.

1. In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.
2. The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and to arrest people and keep them in prisons without any trial if they are suspected with the charge of terrorism. The Act deprived the Indians of their civil rights.
3. Mahatma Gandhi was extremely agitated by the enactment of Rowlatt Act. He was extremely critical about the act and argued that everyone could not be punished for the isolated political crime.
4. The Act was ill-famed as "Black Act" by the people and Indians revolted in protest against the Rowlatt Act

James Rannel prepared the first map in 1782.

Out of Colonization, Casteism, Sati System and None of these Colonization is the practice by which a powerful country controls another country in terms of social, religious, political and economic dominance.

An example of this is when England dominated India until India became independent in 1947. A new example of colonization in today's world is establishing economic dominance called "Neo- Imperialism".

In the modern era, Secularism 'has become a very significant phenomenon. We can observe Its importance through the following points which are given below:

1. It has been prescribed in our preamble which shows that India is a secular state. Mainly the word shows impartiality which is the need of the hour.

2.it helps in bolstering love, peace, brotherhood and harmony etc rather than hatred, jealousness and Envy etc. across the globe.

3. It prevents communal riots, casteism and mob lynching etc which are consequences of communal ideology as we can recent example of Sri Lanka 's incident.

Indigo cultivation was started by the French in St Dominique in the Caribbean islands. Similarly, the Portuguese began indigo cultivation in Brazil, the British in Jamaica and the Spanish in Venezuela. Indigo plantations were also started in many parts of North America.

By the end of the eighteenth century, industrialization began in Britain and cotton production expanded manifold. This created an enormous demand for cloth dyes. The existing supplies of indigo from the West Indies and America collapsed due to various reasons. The indigo production in the world fell by half between 1783 and 1789. This meant that there was increasing demand for Indian indigo.