Article 21 of the Constitution, that guarantees the Right to Life, states that a person’s life or liberty can be taken away only by following a reasonable and just legal procedure. A fair trial ensures that Article 21 of the Constitution is upheld. The Constitution and the law both state that all of the persons should carry out their roles in a proper manner. What this means is that they all need to work to ensure that every citizen, irrespective of their class, caste, gender, religious and ideological backgrounds gets a fair trial when accused. The rule of law which says that everyone is equal before the law would not make much sense if every citizen were not guaranteed a fair trial by the Constitution.

Textile industry had recently developed in England in the mid eighteenth century. So, it was troublesome for the English makers to contend with Indian Textiles. This opposition with Indian materials prompted a scan for mechanical advancement in England. In 1764, the Spinning Jenny was created by John Kaye which expanded the profitability of the traditional spindles. Then came the steam engine which was invented by Richard Arkwright in 1786. These two creations changed cotton material weaving in England. Material could now be woven in large quantities and cheap as well.

He used to be a member of the Congress. But when he saw seating arrangements on caste affiliations during one of the feasts organized by the Congress, he left it in disgust. While nothing is mentioned in this chapter on this issue, we can make some assumptions. After the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa, issues about untouchables became focus of debate by the nationalist leaders. Hence, it can be said that movements by Phule and Periyar must have helped in shaping the opinion of nationalist leaders.

• We should use CNG; instead of petrol and diesel in automobiles.
• We should use public transport instead of cars and bikes.
• We should use bicycle as often as possible.
• We should walk for short distance commute.
• Data on air quality can be utilized to assess the situation and to take timely action.
• More efforts should be made to develop alternate sources of energy, e.g. solar energy, biofuel, etc.
• We should plant more trees in our surroundings because trees maintain the balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in atmosphere.
• Burning of dry leaves should be stopped. Dry leaves should be utilized to make compost.

Since the mid 18th century, Indian Nawabs and Rajas began to lose their power to the British.

1. The British created a political dominance in India and claimed their paramountcy.
2. Residents were stationed in many courts. They began interfering and medaling in the ruling of the Nawabs and Rajas. The Residents tried to convince the Nawabs & Rajas to take decisions according to the convenience of the British.
3. The British introduced many arbitrary policies like Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse to control the ruling of the Nawabs & Rajas.
4. If the Nawabs & Rajas failed to comply with these British policies, their territories would be annexed by the British.
5. This way, Many Nawabs & Rajas lost their territories. Some others became puppet rulers of the British.

Summary

Around 1750, prior to the British conquest over Bengal, India was the largest producer of textiles in the world. From the 16th century, European companies started purchasing Indian textiles for selling them in Europe.  These exquisitely crafted fabrics had been imported from India in the eighteenth century.

From the 1680s, Indian textiles were a craze in England and Europe due to its exquisite designs, superior textures and relative cheapness.

Muslin, chintz, bandanna and cossaes were exported in bulk to Europe. There were many other clothes that were known by the place of their origin like clothes from Patna, Orissa, Kasimbazar and Calcutta.

Handloom weaving and related occupations became a source of livelihood for millions of Indians. During the 18th century, the textile industry in England was beginning to grow, but faced competition from Indian textiles.

Inspired, England started setting up its own textile industries in the eighteenth century. However, the popularity of Indian textiles worried English producers and they protested against the import of cotton textiles from India. In 1720, a law known as the Calico Act was passed to ban the use of chintz in England.

Indian designs were copied and printed within England on plain Indian cloth. The competition with the relatively inexpensive Indian textile market also led to technological innovations in the English textile industry. The invention of the spinning jenny and the steam engine helped to weave very large quantities of cloth, at significantly cheaper rates.

The Indian textile industry ruled the world market till the end of the 18^th century, earning huge profits for European companies including the French, English and Dutch.

When a particular social group is forced to live on the fringes rather than in the mainstream; this is called marginalization. A marginalized section of the society does not get proper opportunity of socio-economic development.

Founders: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III, Khwaja Salimullah, Hakim Ajmal Khan

Chintz is Cotton cloth printed with designs and flowers.