Babur  was the first Mughal Emperor of India .  In the year 1526, Babur, defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat and went on to capture Delhi.

The National Archives of India is the repository of non-current records of the Government of India and is holding them in trust for the use of administrators and scholars. It is an Attached Office of the Department of Culture under Ministry of Tourism & Culture. It was set up in March 1891 in Kolkata as the Imperial Record Department and subsequent to the transfer of the National Capital from Calcutta to New Delhi in 1911 it was shifted to its present building in New Delhi, in 1926.

The claim to paramountcy

Governor General Lord Hastings (1813-1823) initiated a new policy of paramountcy. According to this policy, the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme. It could annex or threaten to annex any Indian kingdom to protect its interests. The later British policies were guided by this policy.

Rani Channamma: Rani Channamma was the ruler of small state of Kitoor (in modern Karnataka). She took to arms and led an anti-British resistance. She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829. But a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor; named Rayanna; carried on the resistance. He was caught and hanged by the British in 1830.

Indian constitution is known as a living document because of the following reasons :

1. Indian Constitution can be changed according to the requirement and the needs of the present society and its future, it is not a constant and static document rather it is fluid and it can be changed by the process of amendment.
2. The Constitution is open to interpretation by the Supreme Court after understanding the society and the basic foundational values of the constitution.
    

The two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation are temperature and rainfall (moisture).

• Temperature is an objective comparative measurement of hot or cold.
• Temperature is measured by a thermometer, where several scales and units exist for measuring temperature.
• Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then precipitated—that is, become heavy enough to fall under gravity.

The Battle of Plassey was fought between the forces of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah and the English East India Company, led by Robert Clive. It was fought on 23 June 1757 at Plassey near Murshidabad. A major portion of the 50,000 strong army of the Nawab was controlled by Mir Jafar who was hand in gloves with the British. His men did not join the battle at a crucial time. As a result, the Nawab’s men suffered heavy casualties and he himself left the battlefield after the death of his commander Mir Madan. This was a major blow to the Nawab’s army which was, as a result, easily defeated by the British. Later, the Nawab himself was caught and killed, and Mir Jafar was instituted as the new Nawab of Bengal.

Periodization with regard to history, is the process of categorizing or dividing history into various time periods. The periodization is done on the basis of major socio-economic and political changes. These drastic socio-economic and political changes differ one period from another in history. We see, the socio-economic and political changes were totally different in ancient, medieval and modern period.

Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.

The British gave much importance to the practices of surveying because they believed that a country had to effectively administred. Therefore, they carried out detailed surveys by the early 19th century in orders to map the entire country:
• They conducted revenue surveys in villages.
• They made efforts to know, the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories and the cropping pattern.
• They also introduced census operations, held at the intervals of every ten years from the end of the 19th century. They prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, nothing information on castes, religious and occupations separately.
• The British also carried on several other surveys such as botanical surveys, zoological surveys, etc. In the way, the gathered all the fatcs that were essential for administering a country.

• The Mahalwari system is one of the three major land tenure systems implemented by the British in India.
• Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.
• It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.
• The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.
• In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
• Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
• The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.

In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and a political philosopher, published A History of British India in three volumes. He divided Indian history into three periods—Hindu, Muslim and British. It has been argued by many historians that it is not correct to periodise Indian history on the basis of religion of the rulers. For example, when the Hindu kings ruled in ancient India, many religions existed peacefully. The same is also true for mediaeval India. It was not correct to periodise mediaeval India as Muslim History because people belonging to different faiths existed during this time. Such periodisation which was based on the religion of the rulers suggests that the lives, practices and culture of the other people do not matter.

Under Lord Hastings a new policy of “paramountcy” was initiated. Now the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states. In order to protect its interests it was justified in annexing or threatening to annex any Indian kingdom. This view continued to guide later British policies as well.

a. The British, Portuguese, the French, the Dutch were interested in trading same products.
b. Products like Indian silk, cotton spices like ​pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in huge demand in Europe.
c. In an attempt to control the market and make huge profits the companies pitted against each other.
d. It led to fierce battle among them,  They sank each other's ships, blocked trade routes, they also prevented rival ships from moving.
e, Trade was carried with weapons, trading posts were  also fortified. The British represented by East India company was a trading corporation which came to India to trade  and was granted concessions from Indian rulers.
g.   Political instability in the region, weak central administration , war of succession between Carnatic  and Hyderabad. made it possible for the British to expand its political influence.