Conditions which are favourable for agriculture in India are;
Soil and climate: Favourable conditions of soil and climate are vital for agricultural activity.
Climate with large number of days with sunshine.
Fertile soils permit growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot.
 India has long growing season and wide variation in climatic condition.

IIT Pal : This is an initiative to help IIT aspirants who can’t afford coaching. Government is planning to use DTH and MOOC platform for the masses.
RTE : Right to education of children. This act puts a mandatory clause on schools (other than minority schools) to reserve 25% seats for SEBC students. Though there are couple of shortcomings in the law, it has potential to do good.
Initiatives like Night Schools etc., will help in educating workers.
Udaan Scheme in RJ
Girls do dropout of schools in rural India especially during maturity. So, this scheme is for creating menstrual awareness by distributing sanitary napkins.
New Educational Policy was drafted by TSR Subramanian Committee which has suggested the following reforms:-
Indian Educational Service - For encouraging teaching profession.
Extend RTE to minority institutions as well.
Allow foriegn institutions in higher education in India. Will help in creating more quality higher education institutes.

About 1620 the East India Company established another factory at Masulipatam on the eastern side of India. The Hindus along the coast of Coromandel were famous for painting muslins and calicoes, and there was a growing demand for such goods amongst the eastern islands, whilst valuable cargoes of nutmegs and other spices could be obtained in exchange. But Masulipatam was seated in Mohammedan territory. A Sultan of the Deccan, reigning at Golconda, had extended his dominion eastward to the coast of Coromandel, and established the port of Masulipatam for the importation of horses from the Persian Gulf. The traders at the British factory were therefore cramped and worried by the Mohammedan authorities, and yearned to effect a settlement on the territories of some Hindu Raja further south, where they could fortify a factory and mount it with British cannon without the interference of local authorities.

Economic activity is the activity of making, providing, purchasing, or selling goods or services. Any action that involves producing, distributing, or consuming products or services is an economic activity

The first railway line in India was constructed during the rule of Lord Dalhousie. The first train started from Bori Bunder in Bombay at 3:35 pm on April 16, 1853 with a 21-gun salute. It had 14 carriages. There were 400 guests who travelled in the train.

Ryotwari system

• This system of land revenue was instituted in the late 18th century by Sir Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras in 1820.
• This was practised in the Madras and Bombay areas, as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.
• In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land. They had ownership rights, could sell, mortgage or gift the land.
• The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants.
• The rates were 50% in dryland and 60% in the wetland.
• The rates were high and unlike in the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
• If they failed to pay the taxes, they were evicted by the government.
• Ryot means peasant cultivators.

Mahalwari system

• The government of Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of India (1828 to 1835) introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833.
• This system was introduced in North-West Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab, etc.
• This had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
• This system divided the land into Mahals. Sometimes, a Mahal was constituted by one or more villages.
• Tax was assessed on the Mahal.
• Each individual farmer gave his share.
• Here also, ownership rights were with the peasants.

Five special measures taken by the government of india for the upliftment of Backward Classes:

1. Abolition of untouchability

2. Removal of multiple restrictions, like access to temples, tanks, wells, shops, etc. The government also launched exclusive rights for their upliftment.  

3. Protection from various forms of social evils and exploitation.

4. Giving them special representation in various fields and making reservation for them in services, educational institutions, administration, polity, etc.

5. Promotion of their welfare and shielding their interest by bringing various laws and regulations in their favor.

There are reserved constituencies in both Parliamentary and State Assembly elections. Thus, there may be as many Wards or Constituencies as the number of elected seats in the elected body. Reserved constituencies are those constituencies in which seats are reserved for SCs and STs on the basis of their population. We need reserved constituencies to give equal right to vote to all the citizens because India has a adult franchise. To give equal seats in democracy to weaker it is important.

Salt March or Dandi March was a 24-day non-violent march led by Mahatma Gandhi. New Delhi: On March 12, 1930.British officials introduced taxation on salt production, deemed their sea-salt reclamation activities illegal, and then repeatedly used force to stop it.

The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in the coastal village of Dandi.

The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of non-violent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force"."[8] Literally, it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya, "truth", and agraha, "insistence".

The 1937-1947 was the crucial decade in the history of India as well as of whole South Asia. Some of the developments in this decade that lead to the creation of Pakistan are :

1.  In Provincial elections of 1937, Muslim League lost even the Muslim majority states which created fear among them about the Muslim representation.

2.  1940 Lahore session of Muslim League which adopted the resolution of two-nation theory and Muslim league began to demand separate nation for Muslims.

3.  Failure of negotiations between the Congress and Muslim League as well as of British during the Second World War. Various commissions visited during this period but could brought Muslim League and Congress together.

4.  Elections of 1946 which lead to the domination of Muslim league in Muslim majority areas. It emboldened the Muslim League and it also showed Muslims want partition.

5.  Communal riots also made the British authorities to partition India which lead to the creation of Pakistan.

Kabir also known as Kabir Das' was born and brought up in a Muslim weavers family by Niru and Nima. He was a mystic poet and a musician and was one of the important saints of Hinduism and also considered a Sufi by Muslims. He is respected by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. He was a disciple of Ramananda.

Political causes:
(i) Policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
(ii) Satara, Jhansi, Udaipur, Jaipur came under British control.
(iii) Cancellation of princely titles.
(iv) Removal of kings from the power.
(v) Unemployment of Soldiers.
Economic Causes:
(i) Industrial revolution.
(ii) Unemployment of craftsmen.
(iii) Heavy tax on sale of Indian goods.
(iv) Exploitation of farmers by Zamindars.
(v) Inam lands were taken back.

CAUSES:-

Economic causes:- collapse of traditional handicraft industries , increasing pressure on agriculture and land, high land revenue which was required to pay on a fixed date failing which lands were to be auctioned off .
Administrative causes:- corruption in the administration especially among petty officials, lower law courts and police.
Political causes:- policies of doctrine of lapse, subsidiary alliance and policy of Effective Control created discontentment among people. Annexation of Awadh proved that even the groveling loyalty can't satisfy British greed for territories.
Socio- Religious causes:- abolition of practices like sati, female infanticide, support to widow remarriage and female education were seen by many as an interference in their culture by the outsider.
Discontent among sepoys:- As per Laxmi Subramanian pay, pension and prospect were the main reason for discontent.
Influence of outside events:- British fought first Afghan war, Crimean war, Punjab wars and in all these wars the company had to incur huge losses. This had a great psychological repercussions.
Rumors :- Rumors such as mixing of bone dust with atta ( flour) and introduction of Enfield rifle , the catridges of which were made up of the fat of beef and pig , acted as a sparking point for the revolt.

Adulteration of food is the mixing of extraneous material of an inferior quality with a superior quality product. We can define adulteration of food as the presence of adulterants in food items which should not be contained, for the legal or other reasons

The Independence from the Britishers left us with two countries India and Pakistan. Pakistan was further divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan which later on led to the formation of Bangladesh. Let’s find out more about India After Independence.
Problems Faced After Independence
15th August 1947 marked the end of colonial rule in India and the country found itself standing on the threshold of a new era wherein the task was to build a strong nation. While India found itself independent from the British, it was still to find independence from social, economic and political problems that had started to become a rock in the way of its growth. 

The early leaders of indian national Congress were called Moderates.Dadabhai Naroji,Pherozshah Mehta,W.C. Bannergi ,S.N Bannergi etc...were some important Moderates. The moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust natureof British rule. They believed that British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and would accept the just demands of indians. So,there is only need to express these demands by petitions and prayers and make the government aware of the feelings of indians.
The radicals like Bal Gangadhar Tilak,Lala Lajpat Rai,Bipin Chandra Pal etc...were not satisfied with the methods and objectives of Moderates. They labelled that as the "Politics of Prayers or Begging" they emphasised the importance of self reliance and constructive work. They stressed that people must rely on their own strength and not on the good intentions of the government. people must fight for swaraj (freedom ) and not reforms in the government .
These were the differences between the radicals and moderates.

In the first twenty years of its existence, the Congress was “moderate” in its objectives and methods or we can say that “Moderates” were the leaders of the Congress who presented their demands to the British in a moderate way and they wanted gradual reforms. They aimed at better and friendly association with the British. They proposed to struggle against British rule in a non-violent manner which the radicals called “politics of petitions”. The moderates included leaders like Surendranath Banerjee, Pherozeshah Mehta and Gopal Krishna Gokhle.

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi demanded the company to recognize her adopted son as the heir of the kingdom after the death of her husband. But the British refused to accept her adopted son as the ruler of Jhansi. By ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ introduced by Lord Dalhousie, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would ‘lapse’ and such kingdom would be annexed by the British Empire. However, the Company, confident of its superiority and military powers, turned down her pleas.

The Ryotwari system was introduced to collect revenues from the cultivators of agricultural land the ryots. These revenues included undifferentiated land taxes and rents, collected from the landed farmers .

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.