The areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company are mentioned below:
(i)The Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy and refused to grant the company concessions.
(ii)They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade.
(iii)They denied the Company any right to mint coins and stopped the Company from extending its fortifications.
(iv) Accusing the Company of deceit, they claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials.
(v)The Company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company, and trade could flourish only if the duties were removed.

• Due to the presence of cells of irregular shapes, amoeba is irregular in shape.
• The shape of cells is related to its functions.
• These cells make crawling-type of movements by protruding their cytoplasm which results in the formation of irregular projections from its body called pseudopodia.
• Pseudopodia help in movements and capturing food.

Wajid Ali Shah was the last Nawab of Awadh. Under his patronage Kathak grew into a major art form. Kathak is a form of dance associated with North India and derives its name from the Sanskrit word Katha which means a story. The other names mentioned in the options were the earlier Nawabs of Awadh.

Parliamentary Democracy, democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are exercised by members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet. The parties in the minority serve in opposition to the majority and have the duty to challenge it regularly. The prime minister may be removed from power whenever he loses the confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliament.

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy followed widely by Lord Dalhousie when he was India’s Governor-General from 1848 to 1856. It was used as an administrative policy for the extension of British Paramountcy.

The use of a resource depends on its value. Following are the types of values: (a) Economic Value: Some resources can be bought or sold, or can be used to make things that can be bought or sold. For e.g. Minerals. The economic benefit provided by an environmental good or service is the sum of what all members of society would be willing to pay for it. For resources traded in markets such as oil, land, timber, and crops, the value of small quantities of market goods can be measured by their observed price.

  Value: Value means worth. The use of a resource depends on its value.

(a)     Economic Value:  Some resources can be bought or sold, or can be used to make things that can be bought or sold. For e.g. Minerals.

(b)     Aesthetic Value:  We enjoy the beauty of mountains, waterfalls, sea, landscapes. Thus, they are resources which have "Aesthetic Value".

(c)     Legal Value:  Resources like, Air, Water, Land, etc.. Are essential part of life, thus, it become our responsibility to protect them from pollution. These are "Legal Values" of the resources.

(d)    Ethical Value:  "Ethical Values" of the resources indicates us that we should protect our flora and fauna from intensive cutting of trees and killing of wildlife.

People are the most important resource as it is their ideas, knowledge, inventions and discoveries -technology-that lead to the creation of more resources. Answer: The two important factors can change substances into a resources are the time and the technology. These include any resource needed for the creation of a good or service. The factors of production typically include land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, and the state of technological progress.

Modernization is the process whereby a society is transformed from a rural and agrarian state to an industrialized, secular, urban society. In a modernized society, an individual becomes the basic unit of society and this makes them more important than the family or community. The importance of traditional religious beliefs declines, leading to the loss of distinctive cultural traits.

The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population. However, it is a concept that goes well beyond numbers. It encompasses issues of power, access to resources and has social and cultural dimensions. The Indian Constitution recognized that the culture of the majority influences the way in which society and government might express themselves. In such cases, size can be a disadvantage and lead to the marginalization of the relatively smaller communities. 

Thus, safeguards are needed to protect minority communities against the possibility of being culturally dominated by the majority. The Constitution provides these safeguards because it is committed to protecting India’s cultural diversity and promoting equality as well as justice.

European History is normally divided into three periods: Classical, Mediaeval, and Modern. Mediaeval is derived from the latin medium aeval and means “middle ages”; it refers to the period of time between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (476AD) and the beginning of the High Renaissance (c. 1500 AD). 

As adjectives the difference between medieval and modern is that medieval is of or relating to the middle ages, the period from about 500 to about 1500 while modern is pertaining to a current or recent time and style; not ancient.

The Early Modern Times lasted from the end of the 15th century to the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century, circa 1450/92 to 1750/92. Modern Times are the period from Enlightenment and the 18th century until today. In Europe, the modern period began around fifteenth century, while in India it began in the 18th century. The modern age in india and europe begin in 16th to 17th century. Modern history is the history of the world beginning after the Middle Ages. Generally the term "modern history" refers to the history of the world since the advent of the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

Fungi are a group of living organisms which are classified in their own kingdom. This means they are not animals, plants, or bacteria. Unlike bacteria, which have simple prokaryotic cells, fungi have complex eukaryotic cells like animals and plants.

Coercion is the act or process of persuading someone forcefully to do something that they do not want to do. It was vital that the elections should be free of coercion or intimidation. Synonyms: force, pressure, threats, bullying More Synonyms of coercion.

Following were the main features of the Permanent Settlement:
(a)The rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars.
(b)They were responsible for collecting revenue from peasants and paying to the Company. (c)Revenue demand was permanently fixed.  

Colonialism is the establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony.