A vaccination is a treatment which makes the body stronger against an infection. Vaccination involves showing the immune system something which looks very similar to a particular virus or bacteria, which helps the immune system be stronger when it is fighting against the real infection.

Agriculture relates to raising both crops and animals. Cultivation relates to crops. And usually refers more specifically to preparing the soil for them. Cultivation is an agriculture practice, involving the production of food by preparing the land to grow crops on a large scale.

Thermosetting plastics are made up from long chains of molecules that are cross-linked. They have a very rigid structure.
Once heated, thermosetting plastics can be moulded, shaped and pressed into shapes. Once set they cannot be reheated since they are permanently set.

• Preparation of Soil:

The upper layer of earth is called soil in which crop plants are grown. Soil provides minerals, water, air, humus and anchorage to the plants. Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating a crop for food production. The soil is prepared by ploughing, levelling and manuring.

The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing (tilling). It is done by using an implement called plough. Ploughs are made of wood or iron having an iron tip for easy penetration into the soil. The ploughs are pulled by a pair of bullocks or by a tractor.

Sperms enter through ****** in females during copulation. Fertilization is the first step in sexual reproduction. When sperms come in contact with an egg, one of the sperms may fuse with the egg. Such fusion of the egg and the sperm is called fertilization. During fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus which results in the formation of a fertilized egg or zygote. It is due to fertilization that the new individual inherits some characteristics from the mother and some from the father.

Alcohol is made by fermenting a natural source of sugar with a catalyst, which is usually yeast. As it ferments, the carbohydrates (starch and sugars) in the main source turn into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, which is the basis for all alcohol drinks.

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.

The disadvantages of plastics:
Plastics bags are make of a non-renewable resource, which gives us more reasons to use recyclable shopping bags. Plastic bags are also flimsy and do not sit as well as either paper or cloth. They are a hazard to wildlife animals, if they are not disposed properly. Lastly, plastic bags clogs roadside drains, which could cause the flooding of the street at heavy rainfalls.

Microbes are minute, unicellular organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. They are also known as microorganisms or microscopic organisms as they could only be seen under a microscope. They make up almost 60% of the earth’s living matter. 

The term “microbes” is used to describe several different life forms with different size and characteristics. few of these microbes include:

• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protists
• Viruses
• Archaea

Erythrocytes or red blood cells have a red coloured, iron-containing complex protein, called as hemoglobin, hence the colour and name of these cells. A healthy individual has 12 - 16 gm of hemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood. These molecules play a significant role in the transport of respiratory gases.

Hoe is a tool used for loosening soil. It is made of wood or iron. A strong iron plate attached to the long rod acts like a blade and helps to loosen the soil. It is also pulled by animals.

The definition of fusion is the act of melting or blending two or more separate things into one. An example of fusion is creating a dinner that combines Indian and Japanese elements.For example, uranium can fission to yield strontium and krypton. Fusion joins atomic nuclei together. The element formed has more neutrons or more protons than that of the starting material. For example, hydrogen and hydrogen can fuse to form helium.

Microorganisms- A living organism that is very minute to be seen by the naked eye, especially a single celled organism, such as a bacterium is called microorganism. Microorganisms are classified into four major groups mainly bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae.

Leveling is a process  to make (a surface) level, even, or flat: to level ground before building. to raise or lower to a particular level or position; to make horizontal.

Modern methods of irrigation

Modern methods of irrigation being able to overcome the limitations of traditional methods are encouraged these days. Some of the modern methods of irrigation are:

Sprinkler system

In this system, there are perpendicular pipes with rotating nozzles on top. These pipes are joined to the main pipeline. Water flows through main pipeline under pressure by a pump. Water escapes from the nozzles & reaches the field.

Drip system

In this system, water falls drop wise near roots. Therefore, there is no wastage of water. This method is very good for areas with less water.

Traditional methods of Irrigation

Different types of irrigation methods are used depending on the different water resources like wells, canals, river lift systems and tanks.

Many of these traditional methods of irrigation like wells involve groundwater extraction. Tanks act as artificial reservoirs of water to be used for irrigation.

There are certain disadvantages associated with traditional methods of irrigation like:

• Too much human labor involved
• Less efficient due to uneven distribution of water
• Wastage of water

Rabi crops are the crops which are sown in winter season (Oct - Feb) and harvested in spring season (Mar - Apr) in South Asia, including India. These are mostly agricultural crops. Examples are maize, barley, wheat, etc.

When an alkali is dissolved in water, the solution formed is known as alkaline solution. They can be formed in the laboratory or via natural processes also like erosion. Alkaline solution is basic in nature so used in the laboratory, industry etc. to make chemical reactions basic or neutral.

Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration where respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. The process is also called fermentation. They will not enter into TCA cycle or ETS. Here partial glycolysis results in pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid undergoes further reduction and gives carbon dioxide and ethanol along with ATP. This is known as alcoholic fermentation.
During anaerobic conditions, inside animal muscle cells, fermentation takes place and produces lactic acid and ATP. This is lactic acid fermentation. The total sum of ATP molecules produced during fermentation is very less as compared to aerobic respiration.