Traditional farming and Modern farming differ from each other in a big way. Traditional farming adheres to the traditional methods of agriculture. On the other hand, modern farming experiments with the implementation of advanced technology in the field of agriculture. 

Traditional Irrigation Methods

These irrigation systems were used in earlier years. However, even today some small farms in rural areas adopt these. Although they are cheaper than modern methods, they are not as efficient. Because they need human or animal labour to function. Some of these systems are,

1. Moat

Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. This is a time consuming and labour intensive process, but it is very cost-efficient. Also, using a moat avoids wastage of water.

2. Chain pump

A chain pump consists of two large wheels connected by a chain. There are buckets attached to the chain. Further, one part of the chain dips into the water source. As the wheel turns, the bucket picks up water. The chain later lifts them to the upper wheel where the water gets deposited into a source. The empty bucket gets carried back down.

3. Dhekli

It is a process of drawing water from a well or such similar source. Here we tie a rope and bucket to a pole. At the other end, we tie a heavy stick or any other object as a counterbalance. And we use this pole to draw up water.

4. Rahat

Rahat uses animal labour. Above the well, we tie a large wheel. An ox or cow would turn the wheel to draw the water from the well.

Modern methods of irrigation includes the drip irrigation and the sprinkler.

1. Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation is the most used irrigation system these days. In the drip irrigation, we lay plastic pipes in rows near the crops or plants. These pipes have holes in them. The water seeps from these holes drop by drop, hence the name drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is one of the most efficient irrigation methods as it reduces water wastage in agriculture.

2. Sprinkler System

Sprinkler systems mimic the phenomenon of rain. In sprinkler systems, the pipes carry water to central locations on the farm. The sprinklers placed there, distribute the water across the fields. The sprinkler method is one of the most efficient irrigation methods to irrigate the uneven land for agriculture. In addition, sprinkler systems provide the best coverage regardless of the size of the farm.

We should use normal seeds not hyv because hyv seeds need lot of water and lot of chemical fertilisers and also degrade soil fertility and also contaminate ground water
They also need lot of chemical pesticides and herbicides
Beside they also need modern equipments of farming which r very high in cost

Types of Plastics

    1.  Thermoplastic: Plastics which can be easily bent or deform on heating are known as thermoplastic. PVC and Polythene are the examples of thermoplastics.

    2.  Thermosetting plastic: Plastics which do not get deformed or softened on heating when mold once, are called thermosetting plastics. Bakelite and melamine are the examples of thermosetting plastics.

Types of plastics: Plastics are of two types – thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.

1. Thermoplastics – Thermoplastics get soft when heated and hard again when they are cooled.  Example – polythene and poly vinyl chloride. Such plastics are used in making toys, containers, plastic bags, raincoats and combs. Thermoplastics are used in making those articles which do not get too hot, and are flexible.
2. Thermosetting plastics – Thermosetting plastics get soft only one, the first time they are heated after being made. When such plastics are heated for the first time, they become soft and can be moulded to make an article of any desired shape. On cooling, the article becomes hard and rigid. Example – Bakelite and melamine. They are used in making handles of cooking utensils, plates, cups, floor tiles, electrical fittings, telephone instruments, etc.

Biodegradable plastics can be biologically degraded by microorganisms to give lower molecular weight molecules. To degrade properly biodegradable polymers need to be treated like compost and not just left in a landfill site where degradation is very difficult due to the lack of oxygen and moisture. Normally, plastic items take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills. But plastic bags we use in our everyday life take 10-20 years to decompose, while plastic bottles take 450 years.

Armature is a rectangular iron core wrapped by the copper coil through which electricity passes and due to magnetic field it experiences a force and rotates. The main role of an armature is multi purposed. The primary role is to transmit current across the field, therefore generating shaft torque within an active machine otherwise strength in a linear machine. The second role of an armature is to produce an EMF (electromotive force).

Advantages of ploughing:

1. The loose soil allows the plant roots to penetrate freely and deeper into the soil so that plants are held more firmly to the ground.
2. The loose soil allows the roots of the plants to breathe easily.
3. The loose soil helps in the growth of worms and microbes present in the soil as they help in turning and loosening of soil.
4. Ploughing also uproots and buries the weeds standing in the field and thereby suffocates them to death.
5. The loosening and turning of soil during ploughing brings the nutrient rich soil to the top so that the plants can use these nutrients.

Celluloid is highly flammable, difficult and expensive to produce and no longer widely used; its most common uses today are in table tennis balls, musical instruments, and guitar picks. Celluloid, the first synthetic plastic material, developed in the 1860s and 1870s from a homogeneous colloidal dispersion of nitrocellulose and camphor. ... Its popularity began to wane only toward the middle of the 20th century, following the introduction of plastics based on entirely synthetic polymers.

Drip irrigation, is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water todrip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. This system is good for a small yard or for watering individual plants. ... The advantage of drip irrigation over sprinklers is that there is little water loss due to evaporation or runoff. It's particularly good for mulched areas because it can directly soak the soil without washing away the mulch. Drip irrigation is the most efficient and appropriate irrigation system. Instead of wetting the whole field surface, water is applied only to the plant root zone.

The people who have no permanent homes and continuously move from one place to another are called nomads. Till about 10000 B.C., people were nomadic and ate fruits and vegetables found in nature and started hunting animals for food. Later, they settled near sources of water and cultivated land to produce wheat, paddy and other food crops. This is how agriculture originated. The growing of crops in the fields for obtaining food is called agriculture.

When the same kind of plants (crops) are grown in the fields on a large scale to obtain foods like cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, etc., it is called a crop.

Polyester is a generalised term for any fabric or textile, which is made using polyester yarns or fibres. It is a shortened name for a synthetic, man-made polymer, which, as a specific material, is most commonly referred to as a type called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and spandex are examples of synthetic fibres. Polyamides and polyesters are two groups of synthetic fibres with high strength, not easily stretched and used as textile. Nylon is an example of polyamide polymers. Terylene is an example of polyester polymers.

Photoperiods are duration of sunlight that influences plants in their growth, flowering, formation of storage organs, leaf fall, etc. In India, there are two main seasons of crop growth: kharif and rabi.

1. Kharif Crops: The crops grown during the rainy season (June to October) are called kharif crops. Example – paddy, maize, millet, groundnut, soyabean, etc.
2. Rabi Crops: The crops grown during the winter season (November to April) are called rabi crops. Example – wheat, barley, gram, mustard, etc.

The force of friction acts in a direction opposite to the direction in which an object moves. Place a book on the table and gently push it towards right side. It moves through some distance to the right side and then stops on its own. This means that the force of friction is acting on it in the opposite direction (towards left) which is opposing its motion. Similarly, if we push the book towards left side, it will move towards left side but the force of friction acts towards right side which makes it to stop.

Sodium benzoate preserves food by having anti-fungal properties, protecting foods from invasion by fungi that cause food to spoil and potentially make you sick. Sodium benzoate works by entering the individual cells in the food and balancing its pH level, increasing the overall acidity of the food. Sodium metabisulfite is a reducing agent used in dough. It is used frequently in cookie and cracker production. It is also used as a preservative for baked goods, wine, dried fruit and jams due to its antioxidant capacity.

Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, which are the molecular building blocks of protein. Therefore, measuring nitrogen inputs and losses can be used to study protein metabolism. Positive nitrogen balance is associated with periods of growth, hypothyroidism, tissue repair, and pregnancy. Nitrogen balance can be described as a measure of the net change in total body protein. If nitrogen balance is positive, the subject is in a net anabolic state, whereas if the nitrogen balance is negative, the subject is in a net catabolic state such as from starvation or inadequate protein intake. 

A motor fuel is a fuel that is used to provide power to motor vehicles. Currently, the majority of motor vehicles worldwide are powered by gasoline or diesel. Other energy sources include ethanol, biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), electric batteries charged from an external source, and hydrogen. 

The common internal combustion engine, usually used for gasoline(petrol) or diesel liquid, can be converted to run on gaseous hydrogen. However, the most sufficient use of hydrogen involves the use of fuel cells and electric motors instead of a traditional engine.

Sonorous is the capability to produce ringing sounds. For example, when a metal is struck it produces a loud ringing sound.

A plough is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil. Ploughs were traditionally drawn by working animals such as oxen and horses, but in modern times are mostly drawn by tractors. The process of loosening the soil for cultivation is called ploughing. The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface, while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to break down. The advantages of ploughing are:

1. Loosening of soil can improve air circulation.
2. The roots can penetrate deeper into the soil, thus holding the plant firmly.
3. Ploughing enhances the water retention capacity of the soil.
4. Ploughing uproots the weeds growing in the field and aids in the growth of microbes.

1)The seeds should be sown at right depth in the soil.
2)The seeds should be sown at right interval or spacing.
3)The seeds should not be sown in a dry soil.
4)The seeds should not be sown in a highly wet soil.

The various advantages of the transplantation process are given below:
(i) The process of transplantation enables us to select only the better and healthy seedlings for the cultivation of crops. The bad seedlings can be rejected. This selection is, however, not possible when the seeds are directly sown in the soil.
(ii) The process of transplantation allows better penetration (deeper penetration) of the roots in the soil.
(iii) The process of transplantation promotes better development of the shoot system of plants.
(iv) The process of transplantation allows the seedlings to be planted at the right spacings so that the plants may get uniform dose of sunlight, water and nutrients.

Silos are large towers that are used in agriculture sector for storing grains. It is used to store bulk quantities of cereals and grains. The silos may be of various types like cement silos, tower silos, bunker silos.

The unwanted plants which grow alongwith a cultivated crop are called weeds. The growth of weeds in the fields is harmful because they consume a lot of fertilizer, water, sunlight and space which reduces the crop yield. Some of the common weeds found in wheat and rice fields are wild oat, grass, Amaranthus and Chenopodium.