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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 10 months ago
Digestion – Dissolving of solid food is called digestion. During digestion, the food containing large insoluble substances is broken down into small, water soluble substances. Digestion involves both physical and chemical methods for digesting the large substances present in food.
The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated glands. Food is taken into the body through the mouth.
Digestion in human beings starts in the mouth. The mouth contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it. The tongue mixes the food with saliva. The salivary glands secrete a watery liquid called saliva.
The slightly digested food goes into the food pipe or oesophagus by peristalsis. No digestion of food takes place in the oesophagus.
The slightly digested food reaches the stomach through oesophagus for further digestion where it is broken down into smaller pieces. The inner lining of the stomach secretes gastric juice which includes mucus, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. Mucus protects the lining of the stomach from hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid makes the medium in the stomach acidic to facilitate the digestion of proteins. The digestive juices break down the protein into simpler substances. Then the partially digested food goes into the small intestine.
The small intestine is a very long and narrow tube where complete digestion of food takes place. It receives secretions of liver, pancreas and its own walls. Liver secretes liquid called bile which helps in the digestion of fats and converts them into small droplets. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic juice also breaks down carbohydrates and proteins into simpler forms. The intestinal juice secreted by the walls of small intestine breaks down the carbohydrates into glucose, proteins into amino acids. Thus, the food gets completely digested in small intestine.
Absorption: The digested food material passes into the blood vessels in the walls of small intestine. This process is called absorption. The inner walls of small intestine have millions of tiny, finger-like outgrowths called villi which increase the surface area for rapid absorption of digested food. Each villus has a network of blood vessels which absorbs the digested food materials into the blood flowing through them.
Assimilation: The blood carries the absorbed food materials to the cells in all the parts of the body where it is used for growth, energy and repair. This is called assimilation. Glucose breaks down utilizing oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy.
The undigested and unabsorbed food passes from the small intestine into large intestine. Most of the water is absorbed from the undigested food materials in the large intestine.
Egestion: The undigested food is temporarily stored in the last part of the large intestine called rectum and finally the semi-solid waste is passed out from the body through **** in the form of faeces. This is called egestion.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 10 months ago
From fibres to wool:
To obtain wool sheep are reared. Their hair is cut and processed into wool. Sheep are herbivores and prefer grass and leaves. They also eat mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes and minerals. In winters sheep are kept indoors and fed on leaves grain and dry fodder.
Processing fibres into wool:
The wool which is used for knitting sweaters and weaving shawls involves following steps:
- Shearing: The process of removing hair from the body of a sheep in the form of fleece is called shearing. Usually the hairs are removed during the hot weather which enables sheep to survive without their protective coat of hair. The hair provides woolen fibres and than are processed to obtain woolen yarn. Shearing does not hurt the sheep as the upper most layer of skin is dead.
- Scouring: The process of washing the fleece that removes dust, dirt, dried sweat and grease is called scouring. This process makes the fleece of sheep clean. The scoured fleece is then dried.
- Sorting: The process of separating the fleece of a sheep into sections according to the quality of woolen fibres is called sorting. The hairy skin is sent to a factory where hair of different textures is sorted. The same quality wool obtained from the fleece of large number of sheep is than mixed together.
- Dyeing: The hair of sheep is white, brown, or black in color. The white woolen fibres obtained by sorting can be dyed in different colors.
- Combing: This is a process of preparing woolen fibres for spinning the yarn. It is done by using combs having metal teeth.
- Spinning: The long woolen fibres are spun into thick yarn called wool.
Posted by Manashvi Chandel 7 years, 8 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 8 months ago
A symbiotic relationship means a mutually interdependent relationship. Two different kinds of organisms live together for their mutual benefit. For example, algae, which is an autotroph, and fungus, which is a saprophyte, live together in lichen. The fungus supplies water and minerals to the cells of the algae, while algae supplies food to the fungus through photosynthesis. Such a mutually beneficial relationship is called symbiosis.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 8 months ago
Saprotrophic Nutrition:The uptake of nutrients by organism from dead and decaying matter in the form of solution is called the saprotrophic nutrition. The organisms which use saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs. For example: fungi.
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 8 months ago
Both are used for measurement of temperature.
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Clinical Thermometer |
Laboratory Thermometer |
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Clinical thermometer is scaled from 35°C to 42°C or from 94°F to 108°F. |
Laboratory thermometer is generally scaled from -10°C to 110°C. |
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Mercury level does not fall on its own, as there is a kink near the bulb to prevent the fall of mercury level. |
Mercury level falls on its own as no kink is present.
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Temperature can be read after removing the thermometer from armpit or mouth. |
Temperature is read while keeping the thermometer in the source of temperature, e.g. a liquid or any other thing. |
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To lower the mercury level jerks are given. |
No need to give jerk to lower the mercury level. |
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It is used for taking the body temperature. |
It is used to take temperature in laboratory. |
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 8 months ago
Fungi do not make their own food like plants do through photosynthesis. Fungi are mostly saprobes, organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter. They obtain their nutrients from dead or decomposing organic matter, mainly plant material. Fungi obtain their nutrients from a living host (plant or animal) and are called biotrophs; others obtain their nutrients from dead plants or animals and are called saprotrophs
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Rishav Shaw 7 years, 8 months ago
1Thank You