Animals do not make their food themselves which plants do. Animals eat plants or plant eating animals. Hence, animals are directly or indirectly depend on plants.

Mirage is an optical illusion which occurs usually in deserts on hot summer days. The object such as the tree appears to be inverted as if the tree is on the bank of a pond of water. consider the figure above: On a hot summer day, temperature of air near the surface of earth is maximum.

A lunar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon. It happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon. The reddish-brown color is because some of the Sun's light bends through the Earth's atmosphere and shines on the Moon. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind Earth and into its shadow. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy), with Earth between the other two. A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon.

The giant Pacific octopus has three hearts, nine brains and blue blood, making reality stranger than fiction. A central brain controls the nervous system. In addition, there is a small brain in each of their eight arms — a cluster of nerve cells that biologists say controls movement.

Peristalsis is the involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelike contractions. Peristaltic waves occur in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Incisors: Front teeth are known as incisors. These are chisel – shaped and are used for biting and cutting.

The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy (in the presence of chlorophyll) is called photosynthesis.

An autograph is a person's own handwriting or signature. "Autograph" can refer to a document transcribed entirely in the handwriting of its author, as opposed to a typeset document or one written by an amanuensis or a copyist. This meaning overlaps that of "holograph"

The process of rearing of silkworms to produce silk is called sericulture.

Process of sericulture:

• A female silkmoth lays hundreds of eggs at a time.
• The eggs laid by the silkmoth are stored on cloth or paper and kept under hygienic and appropriate conditions.
• The eggs are warmed to a suitable temperature for larvae to hatch from eggs.
• The larvae feed on mulberry leaves kept in clean bamboo trays and increase enormously in size.
• After 25-30 days, the caterpillars are moved to a tiny chamber of bamboo in the tray to spin cocoons.
• The caterpillar or silkworm spins the cocoon inside which develops the silk moth.
• The cocoons are kept under the sun or boiled or exposed to steam.
• The silk fibres separate out from the cocoon using special machines. This process is called reeling the silk.
• Silk fibres are then spun into silk threads, which are woven into silk cloth by weavers.

The SI unit of temperature as per the International System of Units is Kelvin which is represented by the symbol K. The Kelvin scale is widely accepted or used in the field of science and engineering. However, in most parts of the world, Celsius or Fahrenheit scale is used for measuring temperature.

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material.  Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite. Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass.

• Clinical thermometer can never be used for measuring the temperature of any object other than human body.
• It is used to measure the temperatures in school or other laboratories for scientific purpose as they measure temperatures to a range higher than clinical thermometers.
• One such thermometer is known as the laboratory thermometer with a scale generally ranging from –10°C to 110°C. It has a long stem with a silver bulb at the end unlike clinical thermometer.
• The silver colour at the bulb normally points toward the presence of mercury which expands with the rise in temperature thereby raising the reading and contracts on lowering of temperature thereby lowering the reading.

Autotrophic mode of nutrition

• In autotrophic mode of nutrition the living being produces their own food in the presence of simple substances.
• The organisms undergoing this mode of nutrition are termed as autotrophs (auto meaning self; trophos meaning nourishment).
• For example, plants.

Autotrophs or Autotrophic: - Plants that have chlorophyll trap the energy from the sun and prepare their own food. Such nutrition wherein the food is prepared by the organisms itself is called autotrophic nutrition. The organisms capable of preparing their own food are called autotrophs. All green plants are Autotrophs (Auto means self and trophos means nourishment). They prepare their own food by a process called photosynthesis.

The process of utilization of food by a living organism to obtain energy is called nutrition.

Mode of nutrition in plant Autotrophic Nutrition

Auto means self and trophos means nourishment. Plants are called autotrophs because they make their food themselves. The making of food for themselves is called the Autotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic nutrition is found in green plants, and in some bacteria.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

The word Heterotrophic is the combination of two words i.e. Hetero + Trophos. Hetero means ‘others’ and ‘trophos’ means nourishment. If organisms depend on others for their food, such a mode of nutrition is called Hetetrophic Nutrition.

Animals cannot make their food themselves. They depend for food upon plants. Therefore, nutrition in animals is called Hetetrophic Nutrition. Animals are known as Heterotrophs.

Saprotrophic Nutrition

The uptake of nutrients by organism from dead and decaying matter in the form of solution is called the saprotrophic nutrition. The organisms which use saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs. For example: fungi.

Nutrients are the compounds in food that provide us with energy that facilitates repair and growth and helps to carry out different life processes.

In general, there are two types of nutrients:

• Macronutrients
• Micronutrients

Fungi consist of molds, yeasts and mushrooms. Yeasts are single-celled organisms (like bacteria) while molds are long branching thread-like filaments (hyphae) that form visible colonies. Mushrooms are also filamentous fungi that form large “mushroom cap”.

Random Motion is a motion in which an object didn't go in a straight manner, the object move in a zig zag manner. This is called Random Motion.

EXAMPLES OF RANDOM MOTION

• fish swimming in water
• motion of bird
• motion of butterflies
• motion of ants

Proteins may be defined as compounds of high molar mass consisting largely or entirely of chains of amino acids. Their masses range from several thousand to several million daltons (Da). In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, all proteins contain nitrogen and sulfur atoms, and many also contain phosphorus atoms and traces of other elements. Proteins serve a variety of roles in living organisms and are often classified by these biological roles.

Excess amino acids must be converted into other storage products or oxidized as fuel. Therefore, in theory, the excess ingested protein could, through the process of gluconeogenesis, produce glucose. This would mean that 100 g of protein could produce ~50 g of glucose.