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Hardware and software

Lists are used to group together related pieces of information so they are clearly associated with each other and easy to read. In modern web development, lists are workhorse elements, frequently used for navigation as well as general content.

Lists are good from a structural point of view as they help create a well-structured, more accessible, easy-to-maintain document. They are also useful because they provide specialized elements to which you can attach CSS styles. Finally, semantically correct lists help visitors read your web site, and they simplify maintenance when your pages need to be updated.

The three list types
There are three list types in HTML:

• unordered list — used to group a set of related items in no particular order
• ordered list — used to group a set of related items in a specific order
• description list — used to display name/value pairs such as terms and definitions.

Primary memory is the main memory of the computer system. Accessing data from primary memory is faster because it is an internal memory of the computer. The primary memory is most volatile which means data in primary memory does not exist if it is not saved when a power failure occurs.

The primary memory is a semiconductor memory. It is costlier compared with secondary memory. The capacity of primary memory is very much limited and is always smaller compares to secondary memory.

Two types of Primary Memory are:

• RAM
• ROM

All secondary storage devices which are capable of storing high volume data is referred to secondary memory. It's slower than primary memory. However, it can save a substantial amount of data, in the range of gigabytes to terabytes. This memory is also called backup storage or mass storage media.

Mass storage devices:

The magnetic disk provides cheap storage and is used for both small and large computer systems.

Two types of magnetic disks are:

• Floppy disks
• Hard disks

Flash/SSD

Solid State Drive provides a persistent flash memory. It's very fast compared to Hard Drives. Frequently found in Mobile phones, its rapidly being adopted in PC/Laptop/Mac.

Optical drives:

This secondary storage device is from which data is read and written with the help of lasers. Optical disks can hold data up to 185TB.

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Microsoft is a US-based technology company. It was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 and quickly grew to become the largest software company in the world. ... Microsoft Windows is the world's most popular desktop operating system and Office is the most popular productivity suite.

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What do you mean by system software?
A n s w e r:
System software refers to the programs that controls internal computer operations and makes best use of the hardware devices.

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. The operating system (OS) is the best-known example of system software. The OS manages all the other programs in a computer.

Software
Software is another name for programs. Basically it is a single program or a group of programs.

Program


Program is nothing but a set of or a group of step by step instructions.Such several programs integrated together to make a software. Generally instructions are made of functions.

Types of software


Basically there are two types of software as shown below.
1.System Software
2.Application Software

System software


System software are also known as background software as most of them runs at background to support foreground process.It acts as an interface between a computer user,computer hardware and application software.There are four types system software as follow.

a)Operating System
b)Utilities
c)Device drivers
d)Language translators.

a)Operating System
Operating system is a software that coordinate computer resources.It also acts as an interface between user and computer hardware and application software. Operating system handle many of technical details related to using computer. Some Examples of operating system are given below. 
Linux, Unix, Microsoft windows XP etc.

b) Utilities
This utility concept is some what same as like tool kit and tool box that came with your newly purchased bike. Though we are not mechanic, these tools are given for the purpose of conducting periodic maintenance of bike to maintain its efficiency and performance. Utilities functions in the same manner for your computer to make more efficient. Utilities are also known as service programs. Generally utilities are used to perform specific tasks related managing computer resources. Some utilities are given below that came with Windows XP are given below.
Disk defragment, backup, disk cleanup etc.

c) Device Drivers
As we know there are different types of devices connected to a computer system which includes some input devices (for example.. keyboard, mouse, scanner etc.), some output devices (for example. monitor, printer, speaker etc.) and other devices like pen drive, mobiles etc. Then one question arises that how can computer distinguish these devices while functioning them. And answer is because of these device drivers.

Software is the set of programs (instructions) that tell a computer what to do”

There are two types of software :

1. System software
2. Application software

The different types of translator are as follows:

Compiler

Compiler is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language to low-level language. It translates the entire program and also reports the errors in source program encountered during the translation.

Interpreter

Interpreter is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language to low-level language. Interpreter translates line by line and reports the error once it encountered during the translation process.

A translator or programming language processor is a generic term that can refer to anything that converts code from one computer language into another. A program written in high-level language is called source program. These include translations between high-level and human-readable computer languages such as C++ and Java, intermediate-level languages such as Java bytecode, low-level languages such as the assembly language and machine code, and between similar levels of language on different computing platforms, as well as from any of the above to another.

The term is also used for translators between software implementations and hardware implementations (ASICs microchips) of the same program, and from software descriptions of a microchip to the logic gates needed to build it.

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www.extramarks.com › cbse-class-7 Web results NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Computer Science - Extramarks

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This operation is used to find product of the data.

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1. Living – non living Biological Virus Biological viruses are living (at least to some extent) biological entity who can reproduce itself   Computer Virus Computer viruses are non – living at all, they are manmade malicious computer coding which are programmed to perform specific functions   2. Host Biological Virus They are living, thus infects living things. Biological Viruses can infect all form of life including Human, Animals, Plants, Insects, Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Archae and other viruses (Yes, there are some viriophage exist)   Computer Virus They are programmed, thus made impact on programs (softwares) Computer viruses infect mostly PCs, Servers, websites and software. Computer viruses mostly targets PCs with MS windows Operating system and rarely other Operating System.   3. History Biological Virus The history of Biological virus’s evolution is dated back where the Life begins; they are as old as bacteria (about 2.5 billion year). The first written and proven case of viral infection is depicted on 3700 B.C old ancient painting which shows the case of poliomyelitis.   Computer Virus The first computer virus was “Creepy” virus which is written (coded) in 1971 by Bob Thomas. This virus remotely spread and copied itself, just show the message “I am creepy, catch me if you can”.   4. Components Biological Virus As a biological entity or living organism, Biological virus contain genetic material (in the form of RNA or DNA), covered by a coat of protein (called Capsid) and sometime by a lipid Envelop   Computer Virus A computer virus is not more than a few lines of code. It contains a script or code of programming language written in C, C++ or other assembly languages.   5. Mechanism of action Biological Virus Biological viruses infect their host after they enter the host body and reach inside the cell where the virus uses the host genetic material (DNA or RNA )to replicate and expend their population   Computer Virus Computer viruses, similarly infect computers when they enter and reach the registry (or the specific components/area for which they are programmed) where they cause the damage (usually hiding or disabling some files or functions)

1. Living – non living

Biological Virus

Biological viruses are living (at least to some extent) biological entity who can reproduce itself

 

Computer Virus

Computer viruses are non – living at all, they are manmade malicious computer coding which are programmed to perform specific functions

 

2. Host

Biological Virus

They are living, thus infects living things. Biological Viruses can infect all form of life including Human, Animals, Plants, Insects, Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Archae and other viruses (Yes, there are some viriophage exist)

 

Computer Virus

They are programmed, thus made impact on programs (softwares) Computer viruses infect mostly PCs, Servers, websites and software. Computer viruses mostly targets PCs with MS windows Operating system and rarely other Operating System.

 

3. History

Biological Virus

The history of Biological virus’s evolution is dated back where the Life begins; they are as old as bacteria (about 2.5 billion year). The first written and proven case of viral infection is depicted on 3700 B.C old ancient painting which shows the case of poliomyelitis.

 

Computer Virus

The first computer virus was “Creepy” virus which is written (coded) in 1971 by Bob Thomas. This virus remotely spread and copied itself, just show the message “I am creepy, catch me if you can”.

 

4. Components

Biological Virus

As a biological entity or living organism, Biological virus contain genetic material (in the form of RNA or DNA), covered by a coat of protein (called Capsid) and sometime by a lipid Envelop

 

Computer Virus

A computer virus is not more than a few lines of code. It contains a script or code of programming language written in C, C++ or other assembly languages.

 

5. Mechanism of action

Biological Virus

Biological viruses infect their host after they enter the host body and reach inside the cell where the virus uses the host genetic material (DNA or RNA )to replicate and expend their population

 

Computer Virus

Computer viruses, similarly infect computers when they enter and reach the registry (or the specific components/area for which they are programmed) where they cause the damage (usually hiding or disabling some files or functions)

It is a very important part of our PC

On our PC a part from where we can see all the things , which our PC's CPU ( Machine ) , what's to show . Monitor is used to see the things which arrives .

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It was in sleep mode click or press any key a few times and it will turn on the screen

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The columns that are used to define each part of the list in excel are known as 1) records 2) shorting 3) fields

Ans  1) records

Ctrl+A It select all the things which is in the folder .

Ctrl+A

Ctrl+A

Select all is selecting all text, files, or other objects currently listed or displayed. In most programs, pressing Ctrl+A selects (highlights) everything in the current window.

For example, while in Microsoft Word, if you press the Ctrl+A shortcut keys, all text in the document is selected. In Explorer, pressing Ctrl+A selects all drives, files, and folders in the open location.