Samudragupta's policies towards the rulers of Aryavarta were very strict. All the nine rulers were brutally defeated and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta's empire. But as far as the rulers of Dakshinapatha were concerned, Samudragupta maintained a submissive attitude towards them. There were twelve rulers who surrendered to Samudragupta after being defeated and he then allowed all of them to rule again.

The fundamental diversity in India is gleaned from the following:

1. Geographical Diversity:
Geography has played a vital role in sharing the character of this country. It has a chain of lofty mountains. Many rivers including the Ganges and Indus provide water throughout the year creating many fertile plains which produce ample grains. Similarly, there are places in India like the Thar Desert of Rajasthan where not a single grass grows.

Similar is the case with climate of our country. All the three types of climate i.e. polar, temperate and tropical are felt in India. Places of Kashmir like Gulmarg, Khilanmarg and Pahalgam are very cold during winter. Hot wind and heat waves is common feature in Rajasthan. Towns like Mumbai and Chennai on the sea- coast enjoy moderate climate. There are places in India like Cherapunj which records 480 inches of rainfall where as less than 3 inches of it is found in north-western Rajasthan per annum. Thus, geographical diversity is well discernible in India.

2. Diversity in Flora and Fauna:
ADVERTISEMENTS:

 
There exists diversity so far as flora and fauna in India are concerned. The great teak, sal, pine and other big trees are found in the vast forest tracts in India. In Indian deserts small cactus and thorny bushes are found. In forests live wild lives like tigers, lions, elephants, deer’s etc. Many other animals like monkey, cow, goat, camel, buffalo are generally found everywhere in the country. The ponies in the hilly area and camels in the deserts facilitate transportation. Definitely variety in flora and fauna is found in India

3. Racial Diversity:
India is a place of diverse races. It contains different races like Negrito, Proto-Austroloid, Mongoloid, Mediterranean, Nordic and Brachycephels. That is why Prof V. A. Smith rightly called it as “an ethnological museum”. From ancient times India has become the land of Dravidians, Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Sakas, Mushanas, Hunas. In medieval period, the Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Mughals and Afghans had lived in this country. With the British conquest, the Europeans began to live in this land. Thus India has given shelter to many races and such diverse races have shaped the course of Indian history.

4. Diversity in Religion:
Several religions have left their imprint on the cultural canvass of India. The principal religions of the world like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, and Christianity have blossomed on the lap of this country. The Hindu religion with its sub-sects like Vaishnavism, Saivism, Shaktism etc. have been followed by a vast majority of people in India Several Gods and Goddesses have been worshipped by the people. Spells, charms, dogmas, rites, rituals etc. are found abundantly in this land. Monotheism, Polytheism, aboriginal deities, peculiar cults and soon have made Indian religion a curious mixture of several ideas. This is a great peculiarity which Indian religion exhibits.

5. Diversity in Language and Literature:
Many languages have sprang up on Indian soil. Now, there are more than fourteen main languages in India such as, Sanskrit, Hindi, Oriya, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, Guajarati, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kannada etc. English has become the connecting link among all the languages. Besides these languages, there are more than two hundreds of languages spoken by the people of this land.

The aboriginal tribes speak their dialect. In this way people of India speak several languages which is perhaps not found anywhere in the world. Every language has its own literature. The style and theme of Oriya literature is different from Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi and so on.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

 
6. Diversity in Social Life:
Indian society is not homogeneous. The customs, manners, food, cloth etc. of a society is different from other. Through their dress the people of Northern Indian can be distinguished from their counterparts of Southern India. The people of Northern India prefer roti, dal and subji where as the people of Southern India prefer rice, sambar, rasam, pappad etc. In a similar vein, the fairs and festivals observed by different societies in India are varied in nature. Thus diversity is quite discernible in the social life of the Indians.

7. Political Diversity:
From the hoary past diversity is seen in Indian political system. In sixth century B.C. monarchical states flourished vis-a-vis republican states. The Mauryan polity was definitely different from the Guptas. Great rulers like Asoka, Chandragupta II, Harsavardhan, Balban, Akbar, Shivaji etc. had their own way for governing the country.

The fundamental diversity in India is gleaned from the following:

1. Geographical Diversity:
Geography has played a vital role in sharing the character of this country. It has a chain of lofty mountains. Many rivers including the Ganges and Indus provide water throughout the year creating many fertile plains which produce ample grains. Similarly, there are places in India like the Thar Desert of Rajasthan where not a single grass grows.

2. Diversity in Flora and Fauna:
There exists diversity so far as flora and fauna in India are concerned. The great teak, sal, pine and other big trees are found in the vast forest tracts in India. In Indian deserts small cactus and thorny bushes are found. In forests live wild lives like tigers, lions, elephants, deer’s etc. Many other animals like monkey, cow, goat, camel, buffalo are generally found everywhere in the country. The ponies in the hilly area and camels in the deserts facilitate transportation. Definitely variety in flora and fauna is found in India

3. Racial Diversity:
India is a place of diverse races. It contains different races like Negrito, Proto-Austroloid, Mongoloid, Mediterranean, Nordic and Brachycephels. That is why Prof V. A. Smith rightly called it as “an ethnological museum”. From ancient times India has become the land of Dravidians, Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Sakas, Mushanas, Hunas. In medieval period, the Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Mughals and Afghans had lived in this country. With the British conquest, the Europeans began to live in this land. Thus India has given shelter to many races and such diverse races have shaped the course of Indian history.

4. Diversity in Religion:
Several religions have left their imprint on the cultural canvass of India. The principal religions of the world like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, and Christianity have blossomed on the lap of this country. The Hindu religion with its sub-sects like Vaishnavism, Saivism, Shaktism etc. have been followed by a vast majority of people in India Several Gods and Goddesses have been worshipped by the people. Spells, charms, dogmas, rites, rituals etc. are found abundantly in this land. Monotheism, Polytheism, aboriginal deities, peculiar cults and soon have made Indian religion a curious mixture of several ideas. This is a great peculiarity which Indian religion exhibits.

5. Diversity in Language and Literature:
Many languages have sprang up on Indian soil. Now, there are more than fourteen main languages in India such as, Sanskrit, Hindi, Oriya, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, Guajarati, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kannada etc. English has become the connecting link among all the languages. Besides these languages, there are more than two hundreds of languages spoken by the people of this land. 
6. Diversity in Social Life:
Indian society is not homogeneous. The customs, manners, food, cloth etc. of a society is different from other. Through their dress the people of Northern Indian can be distinguished from their counterparts of Southern India. The people of Northern India prefer roti, dal and subji where as the people of Southern India prefer rice, sambar, rasam, pappad etc. In a similar vein, the fairs and festivals observed by different societies in India are varied in nature. Thus diversity is quite discernible in the social life of the Indians.

7. Political Diversity:
From the hoary past diversity is seen in Indian political system. The Mauryan polity was definitely different from the Guptas. Great rulers like Asoka, Chandragupta II, Harsavardhan, Balban, Akbar, Shivaji etc. had their own way for governing the country.

Major types of landforms on earth include mountains, valleys, plateaus, glaciers, hills, loess, plains and desserts. Mountains are lands physical features protruding high beyond the hills and very high up the land surface with steep top commonly shaped up to a peak.Mountains, plains, and buttes are all landforms. A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins.

Sickles have been found at many neolithic sites.

Xuan Zang wanted to study in Nalanda (Bihar) because of its high standards. "The teachers are men of the highest ability and talent. They follow the teachings of the Buddha in all sincerity. The rules of the monastery are strict, and everyone has to follow them.

Deficiency Diseases:

Deficiency diseases occur when one or more nutrients are not present in our diet for a long period of time. Thus, diseases occur due to the deficiency of one or more nutrients. All deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking a balanced diet.

Diseases/disorders caused due to the deficiency of minerals/vitamins:

1. Kwashiorkar: It is caused by the deficiency of proteins in small children. The main symptoms are:

1. The skin of the child cracks and becomes red.
2. The hair of the child becomes red.
3. The stomach of the child becomes swollen and bulges out.
4. The growth becomes stunted.
5. The child becomes weak and irritable.

1. Marasmus: It is a carbohydrate as well as protein deficiency disease which occurs in infants. The main symptoms are:

1. The child becomes very lean and thin.
2. The child is reduced to just skin and bones.
3. The ribs of the child look prominent.
4. The growth of the child stops.

1. Night blindness: It is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin A. Severe deficiency of vitamin A may lead to complete blindness. In this disease, a person is not able to see in dim light.
2. Beri-beri: It is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B1.

The main symptoms are:

1. The muscles of the person become very weak.
2. The person has little energy to do work.
3. The person may suffer from heart failure and become paralysed.

1. Scurvy: It is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin C. Symptoms of scurvy includes:

1. Bleeding from gums
2. Loosening of teeth
3. Wounds do not heal easily.

1. Rickets: Rickets is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin D. The main symptoms of this disease are bow legs (bent legs) and a pigeon type chest.