The Patwari is the lowest state functionary in the Revenue Collection System. The khasra record of the Patwari gives you information regarding the plot of land owned by the people. The Patwari is the kingpin in the land record system in the villages. On the Khasra map, one could see the exact shape and size of every field, every well and every large tree. Every field is numbered and the khasra records the name of the actual cultivator, the one who was in physical possession of the field.

• Every country needs a government to make decisions.
• The government also takes action on many social issues.
• The government also has the job of protecting the boundaries of the country and    maintaining peaceful relations with other countries.
• It is responsible for ensuring that all its citizens have enough to eat and have good health facilities.
• During natural disasters like tsunami or an earthquake it is the government that mainly organises aid and assistance for the affected people.
• Courts are also part of the government to give justice to the people by solving the disputes.

The four Vedas are known as the "Rig Veda," the "Yajur Veda," the "Sama Veda" and the "Atharva Veda."

The atmosphere is a protective layer of gasses that shelters all life on Earth, keeping temperatures within a relatively small range and blocking out harmful rays of sunlight.
The atmosphere has five different layers that are determined by the changes in temperature that happen with increasing altitude.
Troposphere: Living at the surface of the Earth, we are usually only aware of the events happening in the lowest layer, the troposphere, where all weather occurs. The base of this layer is warmer than its top because the air is heated by the surface of the Earth, which absorbs the Sun’s energy.

Stratosphere: Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere where jet airplanes fly. Temperatures increase with altitude because of increasing amounts of ozone. The ozone layer within the stratosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays of sunlight.

Mesosphere: As the mesosphere extends upward above the stratosphere, temperatures decrease. The coldest parts of our atmosphere are located in this layer and can reach –90°C.

Thermosphere: In the fourth layer from Earth’s surface, the thermosphere, the air is thin, meaning that there are far fewer air molecules. The thermosphere is very sensitive to solar activity and can heat up to 1,500°C or higher when the Sun is active making an aurora that lights up the night sky. Astronauts orbiting Earth in the space station or space shuttle spend their time in this layer.

Exosphere: The upper layer of our atmosphere, where atoms and molecules escape into space is called the exosphere.

The work of the Gram Panchayat has to be approved by the Gram Sabha.
The Gram Sabha meeting begins with presenting a plan on repairing the road that connects the village to the main highway. After this, the discussion moves to the subject of water and water shortages. Finally, they discuss about the finalization of the BPL list, which has to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

Democracy is a type of government or political system ruled by citizens, people who are members of a society. In a democracy, citizens hold some level of power and authority, and they participate actively in the political, or decision-making, process of their government.

Advancing Monsoon: South West Monsoon winds blow over the warm oceans and thus bear moisture bringing abundant rainfall in India. Sometimes at the time of arrival, the rainfall increases suddenly which is commonly known as the burst of the Monsoons. The features of advancing monsoon are given below: (i) It begins by early June. (ii) The low-pressure condition over the northern plains attracts the: trade winds of the southern hemisphere. As these winds blow over warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent.

Sānchi sculpture, early Indian sculpture that embellished the 1st-century-bc gateways of the Buddhist relic mound called the Great Stupa (stupa No. 1) at Sānchi, Madhya Pradesh, which is one of the most magnificent monuments of its time. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India, and an important monument of Indian Architecture. It was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha.

• It was a way to show off the might of the raja.
• A fort made a city more secure.
• A fortified city was easier to manage.
• Building a fort served many purposes. 

1.Craftsmen tax is to work for the king one day in a month.
2. Herder's tax is to give king animals and animal  produce.
3.Hunter's tax is to give forest produce to the king.
4. Bagha is the tax  collected from the farmer which is fixed at on sixth of the total crops.

In a district, the SP (Superintendent of Police) is in-charge of all the police stations. Individual police stations have their own Station House Officers (SHO).

Subsistence Farming– This is farming which is done for consumption of the farm owners, can be either Primitive or Intensive. Here the only aim is to fulfil the needs of the farmer and his family. Primitive subsistence farming is the type of subsistence farming that is typically done on small areas of land with traditional tools like hoe, dao, digging sticks etc.

A watershed is an area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place. ... These activities include forestry, fodder, soil and water conservation, agriculture, drinking water supply and livelihoods. 

Watershed development is the conservation, recharging and judicious use of the water resources like, underground water, rivers etc. and lands within the watershed area.  

Benefits of watershed development in an area:  

(i) It makes the land fertile and supports the growth of trees, plants and cultivation.  

(ii) Help in the preservation of water and its resources.  

(iii) Prevents soil erosion.  

Nelson Mandela became a leader in the African National Congress (ANC). Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, South Africa. Nelson Mandela was a civil rights leader in South Africa. He fought against apartheid, a system where non-white citizens were segregated from whites and did not have equal rights.

The greatest ruler known to Indian history is  Ashoka The Great. His empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who was a grandfather of Ashoka, more than 2300 years ago. Ashoka was greatly supported and lead by the famous man Chanakya, also known by Kautilya. The Maurya’s were comprised of three major rulers known for their attributes – Chandragupta, his son Bindusara and Bindusara’s son, Ashoka.

The Four Domains of the Earth

• Lithosphere: The solid portion of the earth
• Atmosphere: The gaseous layers that surround the earth
• Hydrosphere: Water covers a very big area of the earth’s surface and this area is called the Hydrosphere
• Biosphere: It is the narrow zone where land, water and air together are found.

Genealogy also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members. The results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives.

• The trade route that linked China to the western world and other countries is called Silk Route. There were mnumber of Silk Routes.
• The Silk Routes existed before the Christian Era.
• Chinese potteries travelled from China to other countries through the Silk Route.
• Gold and silver travelled from Europe to Asia through this route.
• Christianity, Islam and Buddhism travelled to different parts of the world through the Silk Route.

The Pradestha was head of district. He was assist Yuktas and Rajukas. He measured land , collect tax and maintain law and order
"Rajukas" were the provincial officials during the Mauryan administration.  These officials were engaged in clerical and accounting works. Rajukas who were in rural administration wielded more power and freedom in administration. He had the power to even give capital punishment.

The Pradestha was head of district. He was assist Yuktas and Rajukas. He measured land , collect tax and maintain law and order
"Rajukas" were the provincial officials during the Mauryan administration.  These officials were engaged in clerical and accounting works. Rajukas who were in rural administration wielded more power and freedom in administration. He had the power to even give capital punishment.