Our universe began with an explosion of space itself - the Big Bang. Starting from extremely high density and temperature, space expanded, the universe cooled, and the simplest elements formed. Gravity gradually drew matter together to form the first stars and the first galaxies. Protons and neutrons started to form within the first second; within minutes these protons and neutrons could fuse and form hydrogen and helium nuclei. After 300,000 years, nuclei could finally capture electrons to form atoms, filling the Universe with clouds of hydrogen and helium gas. The Universe begins 13.7 billion years ago with an event known as the Big Bang. Both time and space are created in this event. Nuclei of hydrogen, helium, lithium and other light elements form.

The Discovery of India was written by India's first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

When Australians celebrate Christmas on December 25, it is during summer vacation.

Parallels of Latitude: The imaginary lines which run parallel to the equator are called the parallels of latitude.
Meridians of Longitude: The imaginary lines which run from one Pole to another are called the meridians of longitude.

Paleolithic era

1. Paleolithic era and Mesolithic era are two stages of the Stone Age.
2. Paleolithic age is known as the Old Stone Age.
3. During the Paleolithic era, humans evolved into homo sapiens.
4. Hunting and gathering societies were visible largely during the Paleolithic era.

Mesolithic era

1. Mesolithic era came after the Paleolithic era.
2. Mesolithic era is known as the Middle Stone Age.
3. However, in the Mesolithic era, initial signs of domestication were visible.
4. In the Paleolithic era, humans used tools made of stones that developed greatly in the Mesolithic era.

1.        Andhra Pradesh 

• Food 

The Telugu cuisine is characterized by its spicy and tangy curries and pickles. Being the largest producer of chilies and rice in India, the food in the state is predominated by rice based dishes with a liberal use of chilies and other spices. Lentils find a great use in the cuisine too.

• Dance 

The dance forms of Andhra Pradesh reflect the cultural heritage of the state. They differ in costumes, types and the musical instruments used. 

Kuchipudi: Kuchipudi is one of the most famous traditional dance forms of Andhra Pradesh. It gets its name from the name of the village where resident Brahmins practiced this art form. The dancers sway to the music and tune of a singer who is accompanied by musicians playing mridangam,violin, flute and tambura. 

• Language

Telugu is the official language of Andhra Pradesh. However, there are many local dialects that are also spoken in different parts of the state. Some of these dialects include Waddar, Chenchu, Savara, Golari, Kamanthi etc. Telugu has a strong reflection of Sankrit influence as it has absorbed tatsamas from Sanskrit. 

2.     Jharkhand 

Food

The authentic cuisine of Jharkhand is not readily available in restaurants. The original recipes can be enjoyed only on a visit to a village. The food consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian items. The food is prepared with minimum use of spices and vegetables. 

Dance 

Chhou : The Chhou dance is a form of tribal dance. Dancers wear masks made of paper mache and perform on stories from mythology. The colourful costumes and jewellery are the special attraction of this dance form. 

Language 

Although Hindi is the official language of the state, many other languages and dialects are used by the people living in different parts of the state. Such languages include Santhali, Mundari, Kharia, Ho, Bhumiji etc. 

3.     Karnataka

Food 

Karnataka cuisine is a wholesome mix of all the essential nutrients needed for the body. The carefully balanced meal consists of rice, lentils, vegetables and is, surprisingly, started with a dessert called Payasam. Some of the popular dishes of Karnataka include Bisibele bhath, Holige, Vangi Bath, Uppittu etc. 

Dance

Kunitha: This is a ritualistic dance performed by the men of the shepherd community.

Komb-aat: The Komb-aat is also a ritualistic dance which is performed within the temple premises. The dance depicts stories from mythology. 

Language

Kannada is the official language of Karnataka. Other languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava and Urdu are also spoken in the state. 

4.     Maharasthra

Food Marathi cuisine presents a mixed bag of flavours and tastes. The cuisine has dishes that range from mild to spicy dishes. Vegetables, rice, wheat, jowar etc form the main components of the Maharashtrian diet. Some of the popular dishes are bata vada, puran poli etc. 

Dance Lavani: Lavani is a very popular folk dance form that is performed by women wearing sarees. The beats are quick and the dance form is noted for its powerful rhythm. 

Language

Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra. However, due to high levels of immigration other languages such as Hindi and English are also use widely. 

5. Madhya Pradesh

Food 

The cuisine of Madhya Pradesh includes both vegetarian and non-vegetarian items. While the people of Northern and Western Madhya Pradesh keep their food centred around wheat and meat, the people of Southern and Eastern MP keep their food centred around rice and fish. Some of the most popular dishes of Madhya Pradesh are rogan josh, biriyani, pilaf etc. 

Dance 

Tertali: This form of dance is usually performed by women of the Kamar tribe. Dancers cover their head with a veil, tie cymbals on different parts of their body and dance to the tune of a Manjira. 

Charkula: Performed on the third day after Holi, Charkula is presented by women who place lit lamps on their head and dance to appease Lord Krishna. 

Language

Hindi is the official language of Madhya Pradesh. Other languages such as Marathi, Malvi, Nimadi, Bundeli etc are spoken in different parts of the state. 

Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.

For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender etc. (e.g. sexist).

Discrimination is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of ***/race/social class, etc.

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. Prehistoric archaeology is the study of the past before historical records began. It is a field of research that looks at all the pre-urban societies of the world. It also has distinctive set of procedures for analysing material remains so that archaeologists can reconstruct their ecological settings.

Archaeology deepens humanity's understanding of past historical events by providing rich details about how people lived, their daily routines, culture, and society, or even helps differentiate between fact and fiction. 
Who study and discover the evidence or proof of history is called archaeologist. 

Manuscripts were usually written on palm leaf, or on the specially prepared bark of a tree known as the birch, which grows in the Himalayas, while inscriptions were engraved either on a stone surface or on bricks or metals.  

A tributary is a stream or a river which flows into a larger river. a tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. It may originate from glaciers,lakes or springs. Tributaries add water to the main river.  For example, river Gomati and Son are the tributaries of river Ganga. 

The “Bhimbetka rock shelters” exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India. Its stone age rock paintings are approximately 9,000 years old. These rock paintings throw some light on the life and activities of the people who inhabited these shelters.

nscriptions are the writings on stone, metal or some materials as an important historical source. These are valuable historical evidence of the existence and activities of early kings and empires. They also provide detailed religious practises.