Buddhists follow three main traditions; the Theravada or Southern tradition; the Mahayana or Northern tradition; and the Vajrayana Tibetan tradition.

Long ago, Buddhism began to spread southwards from its place of origin in Northern India to Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Indo-China and other South East Asian countries. It also moved Northwards through Kashmir Afghanistan along the ‘Silk road’ into the Himalayan kingdoms (Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal), Tibet, Mongolia and other parts of Central Asia, and also into China, and later Korea and Japan. This was a fortunate development because Buddhism had all but died out in India after the Muslim incursions of the eleventh Century CE. In more modern times, the spread of Communism has also virtually obliterated Buddhism from various other countries where it was once strongly established (e.g. China, Vietnam, Tibet, Mongolia etc.). There is now a resurgence of Buddhism in these countries. Nowadays, however, Buddhism is attracting an increasing following in Europe and the Americas. In Asia, it is thriving in countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Korea and Japan

Yangtze River, Chinese (Pinyin) Chang Jiang or Ch’ang Chiang, longest river in both China and Asia and third longest river in the world, with a length of 3,915 miles (6,300 kilometres).

Block Mountains are formed when two tectonic plates move away from each other causing cracks on the surface of the Earth. When parallel cracks or faults occur, the strip of land or the block of land between them may be raised resulting in the formation of block mountains. The upward block is called a horst. Examples, Black forest and the Vosges of Rhineland.

Block mountains are also formed when the crust of the Earth sinks on both sides of two parallel faults. Therefore, a block mountain can be found between two rift valleys. The land which sinks is known as graben. Examples, East African rift valleys.

Fault-block mountains form when faults or cracks in the earth's crust force some materials or blocks of rock up and others down.

Instead of the earth folding over, the earth's crust fractures (pulls apart). It breaks up into blocks or chunks. Sometimes these blocks of rock move up and down, as they move apart and blocks of rock end up being stacked on one another. 

Often fault-block mountains have a steep front side and a sloping back side.

Examples of fault-block mountains include:

the Sierra Nevada mountains in North America
the Harz Mountains in Germany

Samudragupta is known for his military conquests and victories. He had to wage many wars in order to establish a vast empire. He followed a policy of expansion and aggression.

The Allahabad pillar inscription is a reliable source to know about Samudragupta’s conquests and great qualities. The composer of this inscription was Harisena, the court poet, scholar and commander in chief of the army of Samudragupta. The conquests of Samudragupta may be divided into four groups.

1.North Indian campaign.
2.Conquests of forests kingdoms.
3.South Indian campaigns.
4.Conquests on Border States.

Oxygen is replaced in the atmosphere by the plants as they prepare food (photosynthesis).

The first Kushan ruler was Kujula Kadphises, who may be identified with the Yabgu of Guishuang named Qiu Jiuque in Hou Han shu.

For providing and running several services, the Municipality needs a lot of money. The Municipal Corporation collects it in diverse ways. A tax is a sum of money that people pay to the government for the services the government supplies. People who own homes have to pay a property tax as well as taxes for water and other services. The larger the house the more the tax, i.e. tax according to quantity. Property levies however form 25-30 percent of the total money that a Municipal Corporation earns. There are also taxes for education. Even taxes like entertainment tax on tickets etc. are also levied. Rich people account for property taxes while wider population pays more general taxes.

An increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere would cause more heat to be retained by the atmosphere and lead to global warming. The global warming is quite dangerous as it tends to melt polar ice and glaciers existing on mountains, rise in the water level of the oceans and submerge several coastal areas and islands. This could further lead to floods.

In a permanent and regular job an employee gets a regular salary every month. Besides, a regular salary he gets other benefits such as savings for old age, holidays, medical facilities for his family, etc. Thus, his job is secured. But casual workers avail no job security.

Ashokan pillar in Sarnath has 4 lions on top of it. Lord Buddha gave his first teaching in Sarnath. The four lions are related to Buddhism and signify peace and friendship. During our battle for independence Buddhist ideas of non-violence inspired our struggle. These lions on our symbol signify truth, peace, friendliness and also remind us of our great culture.

We can see this symbol on the emblem of Supreme Court of India, CBI, Police and almost all government departments.

• People of urban areas have better living conditions than those living in the rural areas.
• People of urban area educate their children instead, make their children work in the fields like rural people.
• Most of the developments have not yet reached the rural areas.
• In rural areas lack of good hospitals, health care compared to urban areas

A Municipal Councillor is an elected member of the committee of Municipal Corporation.
• The ward or Municipal Councillor listens   to the problem of their local people and help them to get in touch with the concerned authority
• They also make budget of their ward and put it in front of the whole council.

Urban Administration: A city is much bigger than a village. A city has larger population and greater number of public facilities. All of these need to be managed properly to ensure a smooth life for the people. The civic amenities in a city are provided by the municipality.

Gangabai went to the Ward Councillor house after gathering small group of women shouting slogans and described the situation in the locality to him.
She did so because there were uncollected garbage lying all over in the locality which attracts dogs, rats and flies and people are getting ill from this.