There are very many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time. Steaming works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporize into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. The food is kept separate from the boiling water but has direct contact with the steam, resulting in a moist texture to the food.

• Cardamom.
• Clove.
• Cassia bark.
• Black pepper.
• Cumin.
• Coriander.
• Nutmeg and mace.
• Mustard seeds.

Water vapor will condense into droplets depending on the temperature. The temperature at which droplets form is called the dew point. When surface temperature drops, eventually reaching the dew point, atmospheric water vapor condenses to form small droplets on the surface. Clouds form when moist, warm rising air cools and expands in the atmosphere. The water vapor in the air condenses to form tiny water droplets which are the basis of clouds. Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation of clouds.

The summer monsoon generally begins in April and lasts through late September, while the winter monsoon arrives in October and ends in March. Winter monsoons arrive in October; they are characterized by dry air and cooler temperatures, offering rain-soaked regions a welcome relief from months of endless rains. The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia. The summer monsoon is associated with heavy rainfall. It usually happens between April and September. ... The summer monsoon brings a humid climate and torrential rainfall to these areas.

When rainfall is less than normal for several weeks, months, or years, the flow of streams and rivers declines, water levels in lakes and reservoirs fall, and the depth to water in wells increases. If dry weather persists and water-supply problems develop, the dry period can become a drought. Without rain, there wouldn't be living on the surface of the earth. Water is the only solvent of amino-acids, the base of all forms of life. This is why, when seeking extraterrestrial life, we look first for planets that can have liquid water. When some places are in a drought, they may be dry, hot and dusty; cracks may appear in the soil, and rivers, lakes, streams, and other sources of water may go dry. Other places in drought get some rain, but not as much as they usually receive during that season.

Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards, for example: flooding, including risk to human life, damage to buildings and infrastructure, and loss of crops and livestock. landslides, which can threaten human life, disrupt transport and communications, and cause damage to buildings and infrastructure. Too much rain can cause a flood. A flood happens when a lot of water rises and moves onto land. The water can go into houses and other buildings. ... Big storms can quickly cause floods.

There are many sources of fresh water on earth. Sources of fresh water are ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Some of it evaporates as vapour into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. ... Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, due to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff.

A flood occurs when a river or stream overflows its banks. ... During a flood, the channel is completely filled and water moves onto the floodplain and slows down. As it slows, it can carry less material. Floods also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation, which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power. This includes loss of drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination.

• Flight feathers – Flight feathers help birds to fly. They are found on the wings and the tail.
• Body feathers – Body feathers are colored feathers, which cover the body of the bird.
• Down feathers – Down feathers are soft and fluffy feathers found close to the body of a bird. They help birds to keep their bodies warm.

During exercise, our body may need three or four times your normal cardiac output, because our muscles need more oxygen when you exert yourself. During exercise, our heart typically beats faster so that more blood gets out to your body. When you are exercising, your muscles need extra oxygen—some three times as much as resting muscles. This need means that your heart starts pumping faster, which makes for a quicker pulse. Meanwhile, your lungs are also taking in more air, hence the harder breathing.

Birds have no teeth. They eat with their beaks. Birds eat different types of food.  Some eat fruits, some eat seeds, some eat eggs, while others eat fish.

Different birds have different types of beaks. For example-

• Sparrows have a short pointed beak.
• Ducks have a broad flat beak.
• Humming birds have a long curved beak like a drinking straw.
• Parrots have a curved beak.
• Eagles and vultures have strong, sharp and hooked beak.

Following are the features that distinguish birds from other animals and themselves too.

• Feathers
• Beak
• Feet and Claws

Ducks, geese and swans

Duck, kingfisher  are stays around water.

• Sparrow eats grains and seeds.
• Mynahs eat insects and fruit.

Crane eat a range of items from suitably sized small rodents, fish, amphibians, and insects to grain and berries.

Parrot