{"id":9936,"date":"2018-02-14T16:31:23","date_gmt":"2018-02-14T11:01:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=9936"},"modified":"2019-03-18T15:29:36","modified_gmt":"2019-03-18T09:59:36","slug":"infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/","title":{"rendered":"Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Infrastructure_Class_12_Notes_Economics\" >Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Revision_Notes_For_Class_12_Infrastructure\" >Revision Notes For Class 12 Infrastructure<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Types_of_Infrastructure\" >Types of Infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Difference_between_Social_and_Economic_Infrastructure\" >Difference between Social and Economic Infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Importance_of_infrastructure\" >Importance of infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#The_state_of_infrastructure_in_India\" >The state of infrastructure in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Sources_of_Energy\" >Sources of Energy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Different_Sources_of_Energy\" >Different Sources of Energy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Some_challenges_in_the_power_sector\" >Some challenges in the power sector<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Measures_to_meet_challenges_facing_the_power_sector\" >Measures to meet challenges facing the power sector.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#State_of_health_infrastructure\" >State of health infrastructure:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Indias_Health_Infrastructure_and_Healthcare_is_made_up_of_a_three_tier_system\" >India&#8217;s Health Infrastructure and Healthcare is made up of a three tier system:-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Development_of_health_Services_in_India\" >Development of health Services in India:-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Health_as_an_Emerging_Challenge\" >Health as an Emerging Challenge:-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/#Revision_Notes_for_Class_12_%E2%80%93_Free_PDF_Download\" >Revision Notes for Class 12 \u2013 Free PDF Download<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics<\/strong> in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Economics notes on Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Infrastructure_Class_12_Notes_Economics\"><\/span><strong>Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics and score high in exams. These are the Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. Revising notes in exam days is on of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Revision_Notes_For_Class_12_Infrastructure\"><\/span>Revision Notes For Class 12 Infrastructure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Infrastructure<\/strong> refers to all such services and facilities, which are needed to provide different kinds of services in an economy and which are essential in raising the place of economic growth of a country.<\/p>\n<p>It contributes to economic development of a country both by raising the productivity of factors of production and improving the quality of life of its people.<\/p>\n<p>It provides supporting services in the main areas of industrial and agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade and commerce.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Infrastructure\"><\/span><strong>Types of Infrastructure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>1. Economic Infrastructure<\/strong><br \/>\na. Transport<br \/>\nb. Power<br \/>\nc. Communication<br \/>\nd. Irrigation and watershed management<br \/>\ne. Science and Technology<br \/>\nf. Financial Institutions<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Social Infrastructure<\/strong><br \/>\na. Education<br \/>\nb. Health<br \/>\nc. Housing<br \/>\nd. Civic Amenities<br \/>\ne. Law and Order etc.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_between_Social_and_Economic_Infrastructure\"><\/span><strong>Difference between Social and Economic Infrastructure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" width=\"825\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Social Infrastructure<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Economic Infrastructure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>It helps the economic system<\/p>\n<p>from outside(indirectly).<\/td>\n<td>It helps the economic system<\/p>\n<p>from inside(directly).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>It improves quality of human<\/p>\n<p>resource.<\/td>\n<td>It improves the quality of economic<\/p>\n<p>resource.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>For ex-Health,Education and<\/p>\n<p>housing<\/td>\n<td>For ex- Energy,Transport and<\/p>\n<p>communication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_infrastructure\"><\/span><strong>Importance of infrastructure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>a. Raises productivity<br \/>\nb. Provides employment<br \/>\nc. Induces foreign investments<br \/>\nd. Raises ability to\u00a0work<br \/>\ne. Facilitates outsourcing<br \/>\nf. Raises economic development<br \/>\ng. Raises size of the market<br \/>\nh. Generates linkages in Production<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_state_of_infrastructure_in_India\"><\/span><strong>The state of infrastructure in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India invests approximate 5 percent of its GDP on infrastructure, which is far below than that of china and Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>With government, private sector in partnership with the public sector is also playing a very important role in the infrastructure development.<\/p>\n<p>India needs to develop its infrastructure specially in the area of rural energy requirement, water, basic amenities and sanitation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Energy:<\/strong>\u00a0Energy is the lifeline of all production activities. Rapid growth in agriculture and industrial sector is not possible without it.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sources_of_Energy\"><\/span><strong>Sources of Energy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Commercial sources<\/strong> are coal, petroleum and electricity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Non-commercial sources<\/strong> of energy are firewood agricultural waste and dried dung.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conventional sources of energy<\/strong> include both commercial and noncommercial sources of energy. Example : national gas, coal, petroleum etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Non-conventional sources of energy<\/strong> are renewable resources of energy like biomass, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Power\/electricity:<\/strong> The most visible form of energy, which is often identified with progress in modern civilization is power\/electricity.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Different_Sources_of_Energy\"><\/span><strong>Different Sources of Energy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Thermal<\/td>\n<td>Hydro and Wind Power<\/td>\n<td>Nuclear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>70%<\/td>\n<td>28%<\/td>\n<td>2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_challenges_in_the_power_sector\"><\/span><strong>Some challenges in the power sector<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>i. Insufficient installed capacity<br \/>\nii. Under Utilisation of capacity<br \/>\niii. Losses incurred by SEB<sub>S<\/sub><br \/>\niv. Uncertain role of private sector<br \/>\nv. Public unrest<br \/>\nvi. Shortage of raw materials<br \/>\nvii. Transmission and distribution losses.<br \/>\nviii. Operational inefficiency<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measures_to_meet_challenges_facing_the_power_sector\"><\/span><strong>Measures to meet challenges facing the power sector.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>a. Reduce transmission and distribution losses.<br \/>\nb. Improve plant load factor<br \/>\nc. Promote the use of CFL<sub>s<\/sub> &amp; LED<sub>s<\/sub> to save energy<br \/>\nd. Encourage private sector participation<br \/>\ne. Encouragement to Non-conventional sources of Energy.<br \/>\nf. Bio gas generation programmes.<br \/>\ng. Encouragement to FDI and privatisation in Energy production<\/p>\n<p><strong>Health:<\/strong> Health is not only absence of disease but also the ability to realise one\u2019s potential. It is a yardstick of one\u2019s well being. Health is the holistic process related to the overall growth and development of the nation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_of_health_infrastructure\"><\/span><strong>State of health infrastructure:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>a. There has been significant expansion in physical provision of health services and improvements in health indicators since independence, but it is insufficient for rapidly increasing population in India.<br \/>\nb. Public health system and facilities are not sufficient for bulk of the population.<br \/>\nc. There is a wide gap between rural urban areas and between poor and rich in utilising health care facilities<br \/>\nd. Woman\u2019s health across the country has become a matter of great concern with reports of increasing cases of female foeticide and mortality.<br \/>\ne. Regulated private sector health services can improve the situation and at the same time, NGO<sub>s<\/sub> and community participation is very important in providing health care facilities and reading health awareness.<br \/>\nf. Indian system of medicine (ISDM) AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha, homoeopathy needs to be explored.<br \/>\ng. At the village level, a variety of hospitals known as Primary Health Centres(PHC<sub>s<\/sub><sub>)<\/sub> have been set.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indias_Health_Infrastructure_and_Healthcare_is_made_up_of_a_three_tier_system\"><\/span><strong>India&#8217;s Health Infrastructure and Healthcare is made up of a three tier system:-<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. Primary Healthcare<br \/>\n2. Secondary Healthcare<br \/>\n3. Tertiary Healthcare<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Primary Healthcare:-\u00a0<\/strong>It includes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maternal\u00a0and child health care<\/li>\n<li>Promotion of health and provision of\u00a0essential drugs<\/li>\n<li>Immunisation<\/li>\n<li>Educating the\u00a0people about identifying, preventing and controlling diseases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2. Secondary Healthcare:-<\/strong>\u00a0Health care institute\u00a0having better facilities for surgery, x-ray, ECG are called\u00a0Secondary Healthcare institutes.Patients are\u00a0referred\u00a0here when their condition is not managed by PHC.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Tertiary Healthcare:-<\/strong>\u00a0In this sector, there are the hospitals which have advanced level equipment\u00a0and medicines and undertake all the complicated health problems. which could not be managed by primary and secondary hospitals.<\/p>\n<p><b>Expansion of health infrastructure has resulted in the eradication of smallpox, guinea worms and the near eradication of polio and leprosy.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Development_of_health_Services_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Development of health Services in India:-<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>(i) Decline in Death Rate<br \/>\n(ii) Rise in expectancy of life<br \/>\n(iii) Decline in Infant Mortality Rate<br \/>\n(iv) Control over Deadly Diseases.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Health_as_an_Emerging_Challenge\"><\/span><strong>Health as an Emerging Challenge:-<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>(i) Unequal distribution of health care services.<br \/>\n(ii) Increasing privatisation of health services.<br \/>\n(iii) Poor sanitation Level<br \/>\n(iv) Poor upkeep and maintenance of govt. health centres and poor management.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Revision_Notes_for_Class_12_%E2%80%93_Free_PDF_Download\"><\/span>Revision Notes for Class 12 \u2013 Free PDF Download<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download sample paper for class 12 Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Economics notes on Infrastructure class 12 Notes Economics are also &#8230; <a title=\"Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/infrastructure-class-11-notes-economics\/\" aria-label=\"More on Infrastructure Class 12 Notes Economics\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9865,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1437,456],"tags":[457,150,1342,650,766,426,240],"class_list":["post-9936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-class-12","tag-economics-notes","tag-infrastructure","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - 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