{"id":9921,"date":"2018-02-14T15:55:41","date_gmt":"2018-02-14T10:25:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=9921"},"modified":"2018-03-16T11:54:08","modified_gmt":"2018-03-16T06:24:08","slug":"social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/","title":{"rendered":"Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/#CBSE_Guide_Social_Institutions_Continuity_and_Change_class_12_Notes_Sociology\" >CBSE Guide Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/#12_Sociology_notes_Chapter_3_Social_Institutions_Continuity_and_Change\" >12 Sociology notes Chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/#Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\" >Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/#Social_Institutions_Continuity_and_Change_class_12_Notes_Sociology\" >Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/#CBSE_Class-12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>CBSE class 12 Sociology Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 Sociology notes on chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Social_Institutions_Continuity_and_Change_class_12_Notes_Sociology\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 Sociology text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Sociology_notes_Chapter_3_Social_Institutions_Continuity_and_Change\"><\/span><strong>12 Sociology notes Chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 3 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-sociology\/1881\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>CBSE Class 12 Sociology<br \/>\nRevision Notes<br \/>\nChapter-3<br \/>\nSocial Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Facts that Matter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/impq\/12\/sociology\/ch03\/ch03_1.PNG\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>I. Caste <\/strong><br \/>\nThe term is derived from the Portuguese word &#8216;casta&#8217; which means pure breed. In other words it also means a group\/community of people. The word refers to a broad institutional arrangement that in Indian languages (beginning with the ancient Sanskrit) is referred to by two distinct terms, varna and jati.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Caste<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Varna<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td>Closed system<\/td>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td>Open system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td>Post vedic period<\/td>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td>Vedic Period<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td>3000 castes and sub castes<\/td>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td>Four Varnas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td>No social mobility<\/td>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td>Social mobility present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td>Very rigid<\/td>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td>Not rigid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Varna<\/strong>, literally \u2018colour\u2019, is the name given to a four-fold division of society into brahmana, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra, though this excludes a significant section of the population composed of the \u2018outcastes\u2019, foreigners, slaves, conquered peoples and others, sometimes referred to as the panchamas or fifth category.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jati<\/strong> is a generic term referring to species or kinds of anything, ranging from inanimate objects to plants, animals and human beings. Jati is the word most commonly used to refer to the institution of caste in Indian languages, though it is interesting to note that, increasingly, Indian language speakers are beginning to use the English word \u2018caste\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.<\/strong> <strong>Ascribed status:<\/strong> determined by birth, you are born into your status, no choice, permanent.<br \/>\n<strong>2. Hierarchical of rank and status <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/impq\/12\/sociology\/ch03\/ch03_2.PNG\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Strict rules about marriage: <\/strong>Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are \u201cendogamous\u201d, i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the group.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Rules about food and food-sharing<\/strong>: What kinds of food may or may not be eaten is prescribed and who one may share food with is also specified.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>Segmental organisation<\/strong>: Castes also involve sub-divisions within themselves, i.e., castes almost always have sub-castes and sometimes sub-castes may also have sub-sub-castes. This is referred to as a segmental organisation.<\/p>\n<p>6. <strong>Occupation:<\/strong> Brahmins were meant to be priests, teacher, kshatriyas were meant to be warriors, vaishyas were meant to be businessmen or traders, shudras were meant to serve the rest and do all the dirty work. There was no mobility in terms of occupation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Principles of Caste <\/strong><br \/>\n1. <strong>Differentiation and Separation: <\/strong>Separation in each caste is distinct by itself and has its<br \/>\nown rules and regulations:<br \/>\n\u2022 Ascribed status<br \/>\n\u2022 Occupation<br \/>\n\u2022 Concept of communality<br \/>\n\u2022 Endogamous marriage<br \/>\n\u2022 Concept of pollution and purity<br \/>\n2. <strong>Wholism and Hierarchy:<\/strong> Each caste is dependent on the other caste system rather than egalitarian system. Each caste has its place in the hierarchical system.<br \/>\n\u2022 Each caste also has its own occupation, but there was no social mobility.<br \/>\n\u2022 Hierarchical system<br \/>\n\u2022 Concept of pollution and purity<br \/>\n\u2022 Segmental division<\/p>\n<p><strong>Caste and Colonialism <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 When the British came to India, they were shocked by two things:<br \/>\n(i) Untouchability (ii) The number of sub-castes<br \/>\n\u2022 They decided to take some initiatives:<br \/>\n(i) Census: To make sure of number and sizes of the castes and sub-castes.<br \/>\n(ii) They wanted to know the values, beliefs, customs, etc of different sections of society. (iii) Land settlements<br \/>\n\u2022 There were three types:<br \/>\n(i) <strong>Zamindari:<\/strong> The zamindars\/landlords were appointed to collect tax on behalf of the British. However they exploited the farmers and collected more tax than required.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) <strong>Ryatwari:<\/strong> They saw that there was a lot of exploitation in the zamindari system.<br \/>\nThe head of the family collected revenue from the members, this ensures much less exploitation from the zamindari system.<br \/>\n(iii) <strong>Mahalwari:<\/strong> Each village was appointed a head who collected taxes from the villagers and this also ensured much less exploitation than the zamindari system.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Government of India Act of 1935: <\/strong>They used the term &#8216;Scheduled caste&#8217; and &#8216;Scheduled Tribes&#8217; and they felt that these people should be looked after.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Caste System and Freedom Struggle <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Everyone came together, including the lower caste people (untouchables)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Names used for the lower caste: Shudras ~untouchables~ harijans -e schedule castes Harijan.<br \/>\n\u2022 Many people fought for the upliftment of the Harijan and made it part of the national movement.<br \/>\ne.g. Mahatma Gandhi (Brahmin), BR Ambedkar (Dalit), and Jyotiba Phule (Dalit)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gandhi&#8217;s views <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Harijans should not be ill-treated which includes removal of untouchability and other<br \/>\nsocial evils.<br \/>\n\u2022 Upliftment of Harijans was required.<br \/>\n\u2022 Even when Harijans are uplifted, the rights and superiority of the Brahmins will remain.<br \/>\n\u2022 They should be included in the national movement.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Caste in Contemporary India <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Abolition of untouchability:<\/strong> The implementation of Article 17 was difficult initially because of upper caste people protest.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong> Constitution:<\/strong> People should be given jobs without considering castes etc, it should be based on achievements. Now there are reservation for SCs and STs therefore successful SCs and STs become a part of the mainstream leading to the upliftment of the SCs and STs.<br \/>\n\u2022 In urban areas, industries were encouraged and job opportunities were given to people irrespective of their caste and based on their skill and qualification.<br \/>\n\u2022 However, till today in small areas etc, people still offer jobs based on ones caste e.g. in BSP of Ms Mayawati there are 80% dalits.<br \/>\n\u2022 Two aspects where caste is still important<br \/>\n<strong>Marriage<\/strong>&#8211; rural areas &#8211; honour killings for inter-caste marriage, urban areas &#8211; inter caste marriages now accepted.<br \/>\n<strong>Politics<\/strong>-reservation in educational systems, parties etc. It is also called politicisation of caste.<br \/>\n<strong>Sanskritisation <\/strong><br \/>\nWhen the lower caste tries to copy\/imitate, model of the upper caste, without changing their caste.<br \/>\n<strong>Advantage <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Better standard of living.<br \/>\n\u2022 Improve social status of everyone.<br \/>\n\u2022 The gap between upper caste and lower caste is reduced.<br \/>\n<strong>Disadvantage <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Their culture gets eroded.<br \/>\n\u2022 They automatically become inferior because they copy them.<br \/>\n\u2022 Copy practices such as dowry which declines the position of women.<br \/>\n\u2022 It is a positional change, not a structural change.<br \/>\n\u2022 People look down to people of their own caste of copying others.<br \/>\n<strong>How do they copy? <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Tribals give up eating non-veg and give up drinking alcohol. They thought by giving up their practices, people would consider them of a higher caste\/status\/ position.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dominant Caste <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 After independence there was the zamindari system where the zamindar&#8217;s land was<br \/>\nsold off to marginal, small and\/or landless farmers due to the Land Ceiling Act.<br \/>\n\u2022 The zamindars thus sold off their land to work in the industries.<br \/>\n\u2022 Thus the middle\/medium landowners acquired the land.<br \/>\n\u2022 So they had social, political and economic power.<br \/>\n\u2022 These people comprised of the dominant caste.<br \/>\n\u2022 Even some shudras got land.<br \/>\nFor example-<br \/>\nYadavas &#8211; Bihar<br \/>\nJats &#8211; Haryana, Punjab<br \/>\nReddys and Khammans Arunachal Pradesh<\/p>\n<p><strong>Upper Caste <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Caste is invisible.<br \/>\n\u2022 Achieved status is given more importance than the ascribed status.<br \/>\n\u2022 Life chances are better.<br \/>\n\u2022 Education also plays a very important role.<br \/>\n\u2022 Had resources available (technological and educational).<br \/>\n\u2022 Qualifications will be considered.<br \/>\n<strong>Lower Caste <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Caste is visible.<br \/>\n\u2022 For education there is reservations and it leads to upliftment of the castes.<br \/>\n\u2022 In rural areas especially in occupation more importance is given to ascribed status.<br \/>\n\u2022 The lower castes take advantages of reservations using caste to push themselves forward.<br \/>\n\u2022 They did not have life clauses before but now they use their caste to power themselves.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tribal Community <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 The total population of tribes in India is 8.2%.<br \/>\n\u2022 They are also called Janjatis, Adivasis (first inhabitants of our planet), vanjatis and Harijans.<br \/>\n\u2022 Have hierarchy but have an egalitarian society.<br \/>\n\u2022 Share same name, language, area, occupation, culture e.g. Gonds, Santhals, Gujjars.<br \/>\n\u2022 Isolated community are trying to get them into mainstream.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Classification of Tribal Societies <\/strong> In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their \u2018permanent\u2019 and \u2018acquired\u2019 traits.<\/p>\n<p><u>Permanent Traits<\/u> include region, language, physical characteristics and ecological habitat.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of population<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The tribal population of India is widely dispersed, but there are also concentrations in certain regions.<\/li>\n<li>85% in \u2018middle India\u2019, from Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west to West Bengal and Orissa in the east, with Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh forming the heart of this region.<\/li>\n<li>Over 11% is in the North Eastern states<\/li>\n<li>3% living in the rest of India. I<\/li>\n<li>The North Eastern states have the highest concentrations, with all states except Assam having concentrations of more than 30%<\/li>\n<li>States like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland has more than 60% and upto 95% of tribal population.<\/li>\n<li>In the rest of the country, however, the tribal population is very small, being less than 12% in all states except Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.<\/li>\n<li>The ecological habitats covered includes hills, forests, rural plains and urban industrial areas.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In terms of language<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Categorised into four categories.<\/li>\n<li>Two of them, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, are shared by the rest of the Indian population as well, and tribes account for only about 1% of the former and about 3% of the latter.<\/li>\n<li>The other two language groups, the Austric and Tibeto-Burman, are primarily spoken by tribals, who account for all of the first and over 80% of the second group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In terms of physical-racial terms<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Classified under the Negrito, Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian and Aryan categories.<\/li>\n<li>The last two are shared with the rest of the population of India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In terms of size<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Vary a great deal, ranging from about seven million to some Andamanese islanders who may number less than a hundred persons.<\/li>\n<li>The biggest tribes are the Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos and Mundas, all of whom are at least a million strong.<\/li>\n<li>The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><u>Acquired Traits <\/u><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Classifications based on acquired traits use two main criteria \u2013 mode of livelihood, and extent of incorporation into Hindu society \u2013 or a combination of the two.<\/li>\n<li>On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorised into fishermen, food gatherers and hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants and plantation and industrial workers.<\/li>\n<li>The dominant classification both in academic sociology as well as in politics and public affairs is the degree of assimilation into Hindu society.<\/li>\n<li>Assimilation can be seen either from the point of view of the tribes, or (as has been most often the case) from the point of view of the dominant Hindu mainstream.<\/li>\n<li>From the tribe\u2019s point of view, apart from the extent of assimilation, attitude towards Hindu society is also a major criterion, with differentiation between tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and those who resist or oppose it.<\/li>\n<li>From the mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed in terms of the status accorded to them in Hindu society, ranging from the high status given to some, to the generally low status accorded to most.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Integration towards the mainstream. <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Tribal point of view<br \/>\n~ They want to be part of non-tribals due to reservations, better opportunities so that their status gets uplifted.<\/p>\n<p>They didn&#8217;t want to be Part of non tribals because they didn&#8217;t want to lose their identity and wanted to be isolated didn&#8217;t want to lose their culture.<\/p>\n<p>Tribal elite-upliftment of status, educated gained a position and are treated very well.<br \/>\nOthers who are not as high casual laboures are treated badly.<br \/>\nGive respect to skilled and don&#8217;t respect the unskilled.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 171px\" border=\"1\" width=\"826\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Caste<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Tribes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td>All India character<\/td>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td>Different tribes in different geographical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td>Do not have a particular name<\/td>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td>Have their own nature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td>Don&#8217;t have their own religion<\/td>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td>Have their own religion totemism,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td>Hierarchical Society<\/td>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td>Egalitarian society<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td>Occupation based on ascribed Status<\/td>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td>Occupation based on geographical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Criticism: <\/strong><br \/>\nThe definition of tribals is criticized, since they should not be isolated.<br \/>\n\u2022 They are part of our country and should be mixed with the large population.<br \/>\n\u2022 Castes are doing tribal occupation and tribals are doing caste occupation.<br \/>\n\u2022 We have Hindus who are fishermen.<br \/>\n<strong>Tribals-Not Always in Isolation <\/strong><br \/>\nThey were not always isolated, but when the British came, they exploited tribals.<br \/>\n\u2022 The tribals came up with a name &#8216;tribalism&#8217;.<br \/>\n\u2022 They have been part of many kingdoms like the Gonds and they had a very important role in Madhya Pradesh.<br \/>\n\u2022 In Rajasthan, many tribals were a part of the Rajput and they were a part of military set up.<br \/>\n\u2022 They were traders in salt.<br \/>\n\u2022 During British rule, they lost their status and became casual labours in plantations and people exploited them.<br \/>\n\u2022 Tribalism is when the tribal are by themselves live in isolation to say that they are different from the non-tribal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mainstream Attitudes Towards Tribes <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Socio-Economic and Political <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Forests were cleared to build roads, life of tribals changed drastically (went through the forests).<br \/>\n\u2022 Money lenders gave money to tribal and charged huge rates of interest.<\/p>\n<p>During this period mining was introduced.<\/p>\n<p>British started reserving forests for themselves when tibals protested. Exclusive reserved areas or partially reserved areas of tribals land for tribals to use.<\/p>\n<p>Sociologists had two views:<\/p>\n<p>1. <strong>Isolationists:<\/strong> Let the tribals have their privacy, but they should not be exploited by moneylenders.<br \/>\n2. <strong> Integrationalists:<\/strong> They are a part of society, integrate them and treat them as lower classes castes and give them the facilities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Constituent Assembly <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Group of people who came together to formulate the constitution.<br \/>\n\u2022 It took 2 years and 11 months.<br \/>\n\u2022 People came from all areas and sections of society.<br \/>\n\u2022 A lot of case was taken about the lower caste and tribals.<br \/>\n\u2022 There were special plans, &#8216;Tribal Plans&#8217; that spoke about giving them reservations.<br \/>\n\u2022 They were included in the 5 years plans.<br \/>\n\u2022 Integrate them through reservations and uplift their status.<\/p>\n<p><strong>National Development Vs Tribal Development <\/strong><br \/>\n1. Building up of hydroelectric projects by cutting the forests.<br \/>\n\u2022 It prevents floods, generates electricity and irrigation facilities.<br \/>\n\u2022 Taking away land and occupation from natural habitat.<br \/>\n\u2022 No rehabilitation for occupation.<br \/>\nFor example:<br \/>\n(i) Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada (ii) Pollavaram Dam on river Godavari<br \/>\n2. Forests are rich in mineral resources and mining projects take place. This displaces tribals.<br \/>\n3. Non tribals who come in for setting up resorts, hotels for recreation disrupt life of tribals.<br \/>\n4. So many people come in the tribal culture get coded and diluted.<br \/>\ne.g. North Eastern states, Jharkhand are most affected.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tribal Identity Today <\/strong><br \/>\nThe life of the tribals has changed tremendously because of their incorporation into mainstream. It has had an impact on all four areas social, cultural, political and economic. A lot of tribal revolts and movements have taken place in rebellion.<br \/>\n1. This has resulted in a few changes<br \/>\n\u2022 Jharkhand from Bihar founded in 2000 and managed<br \/>\n\u2022 Uttrakhand from UP by the tribals. (occupied all<br \/>\n\u2022 Chhattisgarh from MP important government post)<br \/>\n2. In some states in North East in Manipur and Nagaland are declared as disturbed areas.<br \/>\n\u2022 The main power is present with the non-tribals, thus they have violent revolts.<br \/>\n\u2022 The civil rights have been curtailed and tribals do not enjoy same freedom as rest of the country do not have same rights.<br \/>\n\u2022 The political situation of the newly formed states is still not in the control of the tribals.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 This is because the non tribals are more politically powerful, knowledgeable and still in control.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 The tribals do not have any political experience. &#8216;<br \/>\n\u2022 Actual decisions are taken by the non-tribals, central government.<br \/>\n3. A new educated middle class of tribals has emerged today.<br \/>\n\u2022 Because of reservation, they have been educated.<br \/>\n\u2022 The job opportunities have increased, improved standard of living, status improved.<br \/>\n\u2022 This tribal elite influenced the lower class tribals to educate themselves.<br \/>\n\u2022 They are creating awareness among the tribal community, occupying jobs.<br \/>\n\u2022 Assertion of tribal identity is on the rise. Because the tribals are being educated they want to be part of the development taking place in their areas.<br \/>\n\u2022 They want control over all aspects of life (social, economic, political and cultural).<br \/>\nAt the same time, they want to maintain their tribal identity, their culture.<br \/>\n\u2022 They want to develop a &#8216;tribal consciousness&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Family and Kinship <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Family <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 A group of people who are related to each other either legally (by marriage) or biologically (by blood).<br \/>\n\u2022 A unit of people living together as sanctioned by society.<br \/>\nBond of togetherness, security and a sense of sacrifice, belongingness. It is a universal and permanent relationship.<br \/>\n<strong>Kinship <\/strong><br \/>\nA person related to the other biologically or legally. &#8211; Biologically (blood)-consanguineous e.g. parents.<br \/>\n&#8211; Legally (marriage)-allinal e.g. spouse in laws<br \/>\n<strong>Classification of Family <\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Size<br \/>\n1. Nuclear &#8211; small family (Parents and children)<br \/>\n2. Joint &#8211; 2 or 3 generations live together<br \/>\n3. Extended &#8211; 2 or more siblings live together with their families.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2022 Residence <\/strong><br \/>\n1. Patrilocal &#8211; after marriage girl goes to boys house.<br \/>\n2. Matrilocal &#8211; after marriage boy goes to girls house.<br \/>\n3. Neolocal &#8211; couple sets up their own house.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Descent <\/strong><br \/>\n1. Patrilineal<br \/>\n&#8211; Males surname is adopted.<br \/>\n&#8211; Lineage is traced through the father.<br \/>\n&#8211; Property is inherited by the males.<br \/>\n2. Matrilineal<br \/>\n&#8211; Mother&#8217;s surname is used.<br \/>\n&#8211; Lineage is traced through the mother.<br \/>\n&#8211; Property is inherited by the females.<br \/>\n3. Bilinear<br \/>\n&#8211; Property is shared.<br \/>\n&#8211; Movable property goes to girl (the jewellery and money).<br \/>\n&#8211; Immovable property goes to the boy (land, house).<br \/>\n<strong>The Diverse Forms of the Family <\/strong><br \/>\n1. <strong>Patriarchal <\/strong><br \/>\nPower and authority is with the male who makes all the important decisions.<br \/>\n2. <strong>Matriarchal <\/strong><br \/>\nPower and authority is given to the female of the house.<br \/>\nMatrilineal and Matriarchal Society is found in Meghalaya-Khasi, Jaintia, Garo tribes<br \/>\nKerala &#8211; Nayyar family<br \/>\n\u2022 Property goes from mother to daughter inheritance (mother to daughter) control (uncle to nephew)<\/p>\n<p>Matriarchy \u2013 unlike patriarchy \u2013 has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept. There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy \u2013 i.e., societies where women exercise dominance. However, there do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision makers in public affairs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Contradictions in matrilineal systems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Arises from the separation of the line of descent and inheritance on the one hand and the structure of authority and control on the other.<\/li>\n<li>The former, which links the mother to the daughter, comes in conflict with the latter, which links the mother\u2019s brother to the sister\u2019s son.<\/li>\n<li>A woman inherits property from her mother and passes it on to her daughter, while a man controls his sister\u2019s property and passes on control to his sister\u2019s son.<\/li>\n<li>Thus, inheritance passes from mother to daughter whereas control passes from (maternal) uncle to nephew.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Intense role conflcit in the Khasi matriliny system<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Generates intense role conflict for men. They are torn between their responsibilities to their natal house on the one hand, and to their wife and children on the other.<\/li>\n<li>The strain generated by such role conflict affects Khasi women more intensely. A woman can never be fully assured that her husband does not find his sister\u2019s house a more congenial place than her own.<\/li>\n<li>Similarly a sister will be apprehensive about her brother\u2019s commitment to her welfare because the wife with whom he lives can always pull him away from his responsibilities to his natal house.<\/li>\n<li>The women are more adversely affected than men by the role conflict generated in the Khasi matrilineal system not only because men wield power and women are deprived of it, but also because the system is more lenient to men when there is a transgression of rules.<\/li>\n<li>Women possess only token authority in Khasi society; it is men who are the defacto power holders. The system is indeed weighted in favour of male matri-kin rather than male patri-kin.<\/li>\n<li>In other words, despite matriliny, men are the power holders in Khasi society; the only difference is that a man\u2019s relatives on his mother\u2019s side matter more than his relatives on his father\u2019s side.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Institutions_Continuity_and_Change_class_12_Notes_Sociology\"><\/span><strong>Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes for Class 12 Sociology PDF<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes Class 12 Sociology \u2013 CBSE<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 12 Sociology<\/li>\n<li>Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in Sociology class 12<\/li>\n<li>Short notes for CBSE class 12th Sociology<\/li>\n<li>Key notes and chapter summary of Sociology class 12<\/li>\n<li>Quick revision notes for CBSE board exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Sociology, Chemistry, Math\u2019s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology, sample paper for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introducing-indian-society-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Introducing Indian Society class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/demographic-structure-indian-society-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Demographic Structure and Indian Society class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/market-social-institution-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">The Market as a Social Institution class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/pattern-social-inequality-exclusion-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/challenges-cultural-diversity-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">The Challenges of Cultural Diversity class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/structural-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Structural Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/cultural-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Cultural Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/story-indian-democracy-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">The Story Indian Democracy class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/change-development-rural-society-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Change and Development in Rural Society class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/change-development-industrial-society-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Change and Development in Industrial Society class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/globalization-social-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Globalization and Social Change class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/mass-media-communications-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Mass Media and communications class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-movements-class-12-notes-sociology\/\">Social Movements class 12 Notes Sociology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE class 12 Sociology Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based &#8230; <a title=\"Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/social-institutions-continuity-change-class-12-notes-sociology\/\" aria-label=\"More on Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,456],"tags":[457,150,426,240,759,754],"class_list":["post-9921","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes","tag-social-institutions-continuity-and-change","tag-sociology-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Social Institutions: Continuity and Change class 12 Notes Sociology ch-3 in PDF format for free download. 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