{"id":9424,"date":"2018-02-12T10:19:20","date_gmt":"2018-02-12T04:49:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=9424"},"modified":"2018-10-23T17:28:23","modified_gmt":"2018-10-23T11:58:23","slug":"molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#CBSE_Guide_Molecular_Basis_of_Inheritance_class_12_Notes_Biology\" >CBSE Guide Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#12_Biology_notes_Chapter_6_Molecular_Basis_of_Inheritance\" >12 Biology notes Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#CBSE_Class_12_Biology_Revision_Notes_Chapter_6_Molecular_Basis_of_Inheritance\" >CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#Structure_differences\" >Structure differences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#Functional_differences\" >Functional differences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#Differences_between_leading_and_Lagging_strands_for_DNA_replication\" >Differences between leading and Lagging strands for DNA replication.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#Regulation_of_Gene_Expression\" >Regulation of Gene Expression:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#The_Lac_Operon\" >The Lac Operon<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#Goal_of_HGP\" >Goal of HGP-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#Salient_features_of_Human_Genome\" >Salient features of Human Genome:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#CBSE_Class-12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>CBSE class 12 Molecular Basis of Inheritance PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Molecular_Basis_of_Inheritance_class_12_Notes_Biology\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 Biology text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Biology_notes_Chapter_6_Molecular_Basis_of_Inheritance\"><\/span><strong>12 Biology notes Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 6 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_12_Biology_Revision_Notes_Chapter_6_Molecular_Basis_of_Inheritance\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) are two types of nucleic acid found in living organisms. DNA acts as genetic material in most of the organisms. RNA also acts as genetic material in some organisms as in some viruses and acts as messenger. It functions as adapter, structural, and in some cases as a catalytic molecule<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The DNA &#8211; it is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. A pair of nucleotide is also known as base pairs. Length of DNA is usually defined as number of nucleotides present in it. Escherichia coli have 4.6 x 106 bp and haploid content of human DNA is 3.3 \u00d7 109 bp.<\/p>\n<p>Structure of Polynucleotide Chain<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_01.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A nucleotide has three components \u2013 a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in case of RNA, and deoxyribose for DNA), and a phosphate group. There are two types of nitrogenous bases \u2013 Purines (Adenine and Guanine), and Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cytosine is common for both DNA and RNA and Thymine is present in DNA. Uracil is present in RNA at the place of Thymine.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_02.jpg\" alt=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\" width=\"494\" height=\"123\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A polynucleotide chain<\/p>\n<p>A nitrogenous base is linked to pentose sugar with N-glycosidic linkage to form to form a nucleoside. When phosphate group is linked 5\u2019-OH of a nucleoside through phosphoester linkage nucleotide is formed. Two nucleotides are linked through 3\u2019-5\u2019 phosphodiester linkage to form dinucleotide. More nucleotide joins together to form polynucleotide.<\/p>\n<p>In RNA, nucleotide residue has additional \u2013OH group present at 2\u2019-position in ribose and uracil is found at the place of Thymine.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_differences\"><\/span><strong>Structure differences<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>DNA<\/td>\n<td>RNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(a) The sugarpresent in DNA is 2-deoxy-D &#8211; (-) -ribose.<\/td>\n<td>(a) Thesugar present in RNAis D- (-)- ribose.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(b) DNA contains cytosine and thymine as pyrimidine bases and guanine and adenine is purine bases.<\/td>\n<td>(b) RNA contains cytosine and uracilpyrimidine bones and guanine and adenine as purine bases.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(c) DNA has double strand \u03b1-helix structure.<\/td>\n<td>(c) RNA has a single stranded \u03b1-helix structure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(d) DNA molecules are very large their molecular mass may vary from\u00a0<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?6 \\times 10^6 - 16\\times 10^6 u\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>(d) RNA molecules are comparatively much smaller with molecular mass ranging from 20,000 \u2013 40,000.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functional_differences\"><\/span><strong>Functional differences<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(a) DNA has uniqueproperty of replication.<\/td>\n<td>(a) RNA usually does not replicate.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(b) RNA controls the transmission of hereditary effects.<\/td>\n<td>(b) RNA controls the synthesis of proteins.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Double Helix Model for Structure of DNA-James Watson and Francis Crick, based on X-ray diffraction data produced by Wilkin and Rosalind proposed this model of DNA.<\/p>\n<p>The silent features of this model are-<\/p>\n<p>a) DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains in which backbone is made up of sugar-phosphate and bases projected inside it.<\/p>\n<p>b) Two chains have anti-parallel polarity. One 5\u2019\u00e03\u2019 and with 3\u2019\u00e05\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>c) The bases in two strands are paired through H-bonds. Adenine and Thymine forms double hydrogen bond and Guanine and Cytosine forms triple hydrogen bonds.<\/p>\n<p>d) Two chains are coiled in right handed fashion. The pitch of helix is 3.4 nm and roughly 10 bp in each turn.<\/p>\n<p>e) The plane of one base pair stacks over the other in double helix to confer stability.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_03.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Francis Crick proposed the Central dogma in molecular biology, which states that the genetic information flows from DNA &#8212;&#8211;&gt; RNA &#8212;&#8212;&gt; Protein.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_04.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Packing of DNA helix-<\/p>\n<p>In prokaryotes, well defined nucleus is absent and negatively charged DNA is combined with some positively charged proteins called nucleoids.<\/p>\n<p>In eukaryotes, histones, positively charged protein organized to form 8 molecules unit called histone octomer. Negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the histone octomer to form nucleosome. . Histones are rich in the basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines. Both the amino acid residues carry positive charges in their side chains.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Single nucleosome contains about 200 base pairs. Chromatin is the repeating unit of nucleosome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/review\/4928_2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In nucleus, some region of chromatin are loosely packed (and stains light) and are referred to as euchromatin. The chromatin that is more densely packed and stains dark are called as Heterochromatin. Euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin, whereas heterochromatin is inactive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The search for Genetic Material<\/p>\n<p>Transforming principle \u2013 Frederick Griffith in 1928 conducted experiment on bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterium responsible for pneumonia). There are two types of strain of this bacteria, some produce smooth shiny colonies (S) and others produce rough colonies(R). Mice infected with the S strain (virulent) die from pneumonia infection but mice infected with the R strain do not develop pneumonia.<\/p>\n<p>S strain \u2192 Inject into mice \u2192 Mice die<\/p>\n<p>R strain \u2192 Inject into mice \u2192 Mice live<\/p>\n<p>S strain (heat-killed) \u2192 Inject into mice \u2192 Mice live<\/p>\n<p>S strain (heat-killed) + R strain (live) \u2192 Inject into mice \u2192 Mice die<\/p>\n<p>Griffith concluded that R strain bacteria have somehow transformed by heat killed S strain bacteria. Some transforming principles transferred from S strain to R strain and enabled the R strain to synthesise a smooth polysaccharide coat and become virulent. This must be due to the transfer of the genetic material.<\/p>\n<p>Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty worked out to determine the biochemical nature of transforming principle of Griffith.<\/li>\n<li>They purified biochemicals (proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.) from the heat-killed S cells to see which ones could transform live R cells into S cells. They discovered that DNA alone from S bacteria caused R bacteria to become transformed.So, they concluded that DNA is the genetic material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Experimental proof that DNA is the genetic material<\/p>\n<p>Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases (1952) worked with virus that infect bacteria called bacteriophages.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In one preparation, the protein part was made radioactive and in the other, nucleic acid (DNA) was made radioactive. These two phage preparations were allowed to infect the culture of E.coli. Soon after infection, before lysis of cells, the E.coli cells were gently agitated in a blender, to loosen the adhering phage particles and the culture was centrifuged.<\/li>\n<li>The heavier infected bacterial cells pelleted to the bottom and the lighter viral particles were present in the supernatant. It was found that when bacteriophage containing radioactive DNA was used to infect E.coli, the pellet contained radioactivity.<\/li>\n<li>If bacteriophage containing radioactive protein coat was used to infect E.coli, the supernatant contained most of the radioactivity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>His experiment shows that protine does not enter the bacterial cell and only DNA is the genetic material.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_05.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Properties of Genetic Material:<br \/>\na) It should be able to generate its replica (replication)<br \/>\nb) It should chemically and structurally be stable.<br \/>\nc) It should provide the scope for slow changes (mutation) that are required for evolution.<br \/>\nd) It should be able to express itself in the form of \u2018Mendelian Characters\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 DNA is chemically less reactive but strcturely more stable as compare to RNA. So, DNA is better genetic material.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 RNA used as genetic material as well as catalyst and more reactive so less stable. Therefore, DNA has evolved from RNA.<\/p>\n<p>Replication of DNA<\/p>\n<p>Watson and Crick suggested that two strands of DNA separate from each other and act as template for synthesis of new complementary strands. After the completion of replication each DNA molecule would have one parental and one newly synthesised strand, this method is called semiconservative replication.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Messelson and stahl\u2019s shows experimental evidence of semiconservative replication by growing E .coli on nutrient media containing nitrogen salts (15NH4Cl) labeled with radioactive 15N.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>15N was incorporated into both the strands of DNA and such a DNA was heavier than the DNA obtained from E.coli grown on a medium containing 14N. Then they transferred the E.coli cells on to a medium containing 14N.<\/li>\n<li>After one generation, when one bacterial cell has multiplied into two, they isolated the DNA and evaluated its density. Its density was intermediate between that of the heavier 15N-DNA and the lighter 14N-DNA.<\/li>\n<li>This is because during replication, new DNA molecule with one 15N-old strand and a complementary 14N-new strand was formed (semi-conservative replication) and so its density is intermediate between the two.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Replication : Replication of DNA require Enzyme DNA polymerase that catalyse the polymerisation in one strand 5\u2019\u00e03\u2019 only after unwinding with the help of Helicase enzyme . So, replication in one stand is continuous and other strand it is discontinuous to synthesise okazaki fragments that are joined together by enzyme DNA ligase.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Differences_between_leading_and_Lagging_strands_for_DNA_replication\"><\/span><strong>Differences between leading and Lagging strands for DNA replication.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Characters<\/td>\n<td>Leading strand<\/td>\n<td>Lagging strand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1. Fragments<\/td>\n<td>It is formed continuously as single fragment.<\/td>\n<td>In the beginning it is formed in the form of small fragments called okazaki segments.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. RNA primer<\/td>\n<td>It requires only one primer to initiate the growth.<\/td>\n<td>Every fragment requires separate RNA primer to initiate.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3. DNA ligase<\/td>\n<td>Not required.<\/td>\n<td>Required to join DNA fragments.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. Direction of growth<\/td>\n<td>{tex}5&#8242; \\to 3&#8242;{\/tex}<\/td>\n<td>Of complete strand it is {tex}3&#8242; \\to 5&#8242;{\/tex}. However for okazakifragments it is {tex}5&#8242; \\to 3&#8242;{\/tex} .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/review\/4928_3.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Transcription<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is the process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA. In transcription only one segment of DNA and only one strand is copied in RNA. The Adenosine forms base pair with Uracil instead of Thymine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2022 Transcription of DNA includes a promoter, the structural gene and a terminator. The strands that has polarity 3\u2019\u00e05 act as template and called template strand and other strand is called coding strand.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_07.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Template Stranc<\/td>\n<td>Coding Strand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>It is a DNA strand with 3&#8242;{tex}\\to {\/tex} 5&#8242; Polarity.<\/td>\n<td>DNA Strand with 5&#8242; {tex}\\to {\/tex} 3&#8242; Polarity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Acts as template for transcription and codes for RNA<\/td>\n<td>Does not code for any region of RNA during transcription.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Promoter is located at 5\u2019 end and that bind the enzyme RNA polymerase to start transcription. Sigma factor also help in initation of transcription .The terminator is located at 3\u2019end of coding strand and usually defines the end of transcription where rho factor will bind to terminate transcription.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/review\/4928_4.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Exons are those sequences that appear in mature and processed RNA. Exons are interrupted by introns. Introns do not appear in mature and processed RNA.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In eukaryotes, there are three different RNA polymerase enzymes I, II and III, they catalyse the synthesis of all types of RNA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>RNA polymerase I \u2013 rRNAs<br \/>\nRNA polymerase II &#8211; mRNA<br \/>\nRNA polymerase III \u2013 tRNA<\/p>\n<p>The m-RNA provide the template, t-RNA brings the amino acids and read the genetic code, the r-RNA play structural and catalytic role during translation.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>DNA Replication<\/td>\n<td>RNA Transcription<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Two new molecules of double-stranded DNA are produced.<\/td>\n<td>One new molecule of single-stranded RNA is produced.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adenine on one strand binds to thymine on the new DNA strand being created.<\/td>\n<td>Adenine on DNA binds to uracil on the new RNA strand being created.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The entire chromosome is replicated.<\/td>\n<td>Only a small portion of the DNA molecule is transcribed to RNA, and this varies based on the cell&#8217;s needs at the time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Enzymes: DNA polymerase<\/td>\n<td>Enzymes: RNA polymerase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Occurs in nucleus.<\/td>\n<td>Occurs in nucleus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The primary transcript contains both exon and intron and is non-functional. It undergoes the process of splicing in which introns are removed and exons are joined in a defined order.<\/p>\n<p>The hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) undergo additional processing called as capping and tailing. In capping in unusual nucleotide (methylguanosine triphosphate) to the 5\u2019end of hnRNA. In tailing polyadenylatelate tail is added at 3\u2019end in a template at independent manner.<\/p>\n<p>Genetic Code : Genetic Code is the relationship of amino acids sequence in a polypeptide and nucleotide\/base sequence in mRNA. It directs the sequence of amino acids during synthesis of proteins.<\/p>\n<p>George Gamow suggested that genetic code should be combination of 3 nucleotides to code 20 amino acids.<\/p>\n<p>H.G. Khorana developed chemical method to synthesising RNA molecules with defined combination of bases.<\/p>\n<p>Marshall Nirenberg\u2019s cell free system for protein synthesis finally helped the code to be deciphered.<\/p>\n<p>Salient features of Genetic Code are-<\/p>\n<p>i. The code is triplet. 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 codons do not code for any amino acids called stop codon (UAG, UGA and UAA).<\/p>\n<p>ii. Codon is unambiguous and specific, code for one amino acid.<\/p>\n<p>iii. The code is degenerate. Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon.<\/p>\n<p>iv. The codon is read in mRNA in a contiguous fashion without any punctuation.<\/p>\n<p>v. The codon is nearly universal. AUG has dual functions. It codes for methionine and also act as initiator codon.<\/p>\n<p>Mutations and Genetic code<\/p>\n<p>A change of single base pair (point mutation) in the 6th position of Beta globin chain of Haemoglobin results due to the change of amino acid residue glutamate to valine. These results into diseased condition called sickle cell anaemia.<\/p>\n<p>Insertion and deletion of three or its multiple bases insert or delete one or multiple codons hence one or more amino acids and reading frame remain unaltered from that point onwards. Such mutations are called frame-shift insertion or deletion mutations.<\/p>\n<p>tRNA\u2013 the Adapter Molecule<\/p>\n<p>The t-RNA called as adaptor molecules. It has an anticodon loop that has bases complementary to code present on mRNA and also has an amino acid acceptor to which amino acid binds. t-RNA is specific for each amino acids.<\/p>\n<p>The secondary structure of t-RNA is depicted as clover-leaf. In actual structure, the t-RNA is a compact molecule which look like inverted L.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_08.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Translation process: Translation is the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide. The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. It involved following steps-<\/p>\n<p>a) Charging of t-RNA.<\/p>\n<p>b) Formation of peptide bonds between two charged tRNA.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 The start codon is AUG. An mRNA has some additional sequence that are not translated called untranslated region (UTR).<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 For initiation ribosome binds to mRNA at the start codon. Ribosomes moves from codon to codon along mRNA for elongation of protein chain. At the end release factors binds to the stop codon, terminating the translation and release of polypeptide form ribosome.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_09.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Regulation_of_Gene_Expression\"><\/span><strong>Regulation of Gene Expression:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>All the genes are not needed constantly. The genes needed only sometimes are called regulatory genes and are made to function only when required and remain non-functional at other times. Such regulated genes, therefore required to be switched \u2018on\u2019 or \u2018off\u2019 when a particular function is to begin or stop.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Lac_Operon\"><\/span><strong>The Lac Operon<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lac operon consists of one regulatory gene (i ) and three structural genes (y,z and a). Gene i code for the repressor of the lac operon. The z gene code for beta-galactosidase, that is responsible for hydrolysis of disaccharide, lactose into monomeric units, galactose and glucose. Gene y code for permease, which increases permeability of the cell. Gene a encode for transacetylase.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/biology\/12_bio_ch06_10.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Lactose is the substrate for enzyme beta-galactosidase and it regulates switching on and off of the operon, so it is called inducer.<\/p>\n<p>Regulation of Lac operon by repressor is referred as negative regulation. Operation of Lac operon is also under the control of positive regulation.<\/p>\n<p>Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 to find out the complete DNA sequence of human genome using genetic engineering technique and bioinformatics to isolate and clone the DNA segment for determining DNA sequence.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Goal_of_HGP\"><\/span><strong>Goal of HGP-<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>a) Identify all the genes (20,000 to 25,000) in human DNA.<br \/>\nb) Determine the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.<br \/>\nc) Store this information in data base.<br \/>\nd) Improve tools for data analysis.<br \/>\ne) Transfer related information to other sectors.<br \/>\nf) To address the legal, ethical and social issues that may arise due to project.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 The project was coordinated by the US Department of Energy and the National Institute of health.<br \/>\n\u2022 The method involved the two major approaches- first identifying all the genes that express as RNA called Express sequence tags(EST).The second is the sequencing the all set of genome that contained the all the coding and non-coding sequence called sequence Annotation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Salient_features_of_Human_Genome\"><\/span><strong>Salient features of Human Genome:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>a) The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases.<br \/>\nb) The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.<br \/>\nc) Less than 2 per cent of the genome codes for proteins.<br \/>\nd) Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome.<br \/>\ne) Repetitive sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times, sometimes hundred to thousand times.<br \/>\nf) Chromosome 1 has most genes (2968), and the Y has the fewest (231).<br \/>\ng) Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (SNPs \u2013 single nucleotide polymorphism) occur in humans.<\/p>\n<p>DNA finger printing is a very quick way to compare the DNA sequence of any two individual. It includes identifying differences in some specific region in DNA sequence called as repetitive DNA because in this region, a small stretch of DNA is repeated many times.<\/p>\n<p>Depending upon the base composition, length of segment and number of repetitive units satellite DNA is classified into many categories.<\/p>\n<p>Polymorphism in DNA sequence is the basis for genetic mapping of human genome as well as fingerprinting.<\/p>\n<p>The technique of fingerprinting was initially developed by Alec Jeffrey. He used a satellite DNA as probe to so high polymorphism was called Variable Number of Tendon Repeats (VNTR).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/review\/4928_5.jpg\" \/><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Chemistry Physics Maths, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"> Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology, sample paper for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NCERT Exemplar Molecular Basis of Inheritance, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/reproduction-organisms-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Reproduction in Organisms class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/sexual-reproduction-flowering-plants-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/human-reproduction-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Human Reproduction class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/reproductive-health-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Reproductive Health class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/principles-inheritance-variation-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/evolution-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Evolution class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/human-health-disease-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Human Health and Disease class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/microbes-human-welfare\/\">Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/microbes-human-welfare-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Microbes in Human Welfare class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biotechnology-principles-processes-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biotechnology-applications-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Biotechnology and its Applications class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/organisms-populations-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Organisms and Populations class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ecosystem-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Ecosystem class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biodiversity-conservation-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Biodiversity and Conservation class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/environmental-issues-class-12-notes-biology\/\">Environmental Issues class 12 Notes Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE class 12 Molecular Basis of Inheritance PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on &#8230; <a title=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\" aria-label=\"More on Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9404,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,456],"tags":[585,457,150,600,426,240],"class_list":["post-9424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-biology-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-molecular-basis-of-inheritance","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology chapter 6 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter notes for CBSE board exams.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology chapter 6 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter notes for CBSE board exams.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-12T04:49:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-10-23T11:58:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@mycbseguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@mycbseguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"17 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519\"},\"headline\":\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-12T04:49:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-23T11:58:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\"},\"wordCount\":3302,\"commentCount\":6,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Biology Notes\",\"CBSE Notes\",\"CBSE Notes and Key Points\",\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance\",\"Quick Revision\",\"Quick Revision Notes\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Class 12\",\"Revision Notes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\",\"name\":\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-12T04:49:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-23T11:58:23+00:00\",\"description\":\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology chapter 6 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter notes for CBSE board exams.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":300,\"caption\":\"Notes for Reproduction in Organisms\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"CBSE\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Class 12\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/cbse-class-12\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180,\"caption\":\"myCBSEguide\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/mycbseguide\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mycbseguide\/\",\"http:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/mycbseguide\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCxuqSnnygFzwJG0pwogCNEQ\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology","description":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology chapter 6 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter notes for CBSE board exams.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology","og_description":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology chapter 6 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter notes for CBSE board exams.","og_url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/","og_site_name":"myCBSEguide","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/","article_published_time":"2018-02-12T04:49:20+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-10-23T11:58:23+00:00","og_image":[{"width":600,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"myCBSEguide","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@mycbseguide","twitter_site":"@mycbseguide","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"myCBSEguide","Est. reading time":"17 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/"},"author":{"name":"myCBSEguide","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519"},"headline":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology","datePublished":"2018-02-12T04:49:20+00:00","dateModified":"2018-10-23T11:58:23+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/"},"wordCount":3302,"commentCount":6,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg","keywords":["Biology Notes","CBSE Notes","CBSE Notes and Key Points","Molecular Basis of Inheritance","Quick Revision","Quick Revision Notes"],"articleSection":["Class 12","Revision Notes"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/","name":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg","datePublished":"2018-02-12T04:49:20+00:00","dateModified":"2018-10-23T11:58:23+00:00","description":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology chapter 6 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter notes for CBSE board exams.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_biology_revision_notes.jpg","width":600,"height":300,"caption":"Notes for Reproduction in Organisms"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/molecular-basis-inheritance-class-12-notes-biology\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"CBSE","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Class 12","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/cbse-class-12\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 Notes Biology"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/","name":"myCBSEguide","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"myCBSEguide","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png","width":180,"height":180,"caption":"myCBSEguide"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/","https:\/\/x.com\/mycbseguide","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mycbseguide\/","http:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/mycbseguide\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCxuqSnnygFzwJG0pwogCNEQ"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519","name":"myCBSEguide"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9424"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9424\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21446,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9424\/revisions\/21446"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9424"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9424"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}