{"id":9208,"date":"2018-02-09T11:41:26","date_gmt":"2018-02-09T06:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=9208"},"modified":"2019-03-02T12:35:17","modified_gmt":"2019-03-02T07:05:17","slug":"aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-class-12-notes-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-class-12-notes-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/strong> in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Chemistry notes on chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Class 12 Chemistry notes Chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 12 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>CSBE Class 12 Chemistry Revision Notes Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acid<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Aldehydes: <\/strong>Aldehydes are the organic compounds in which carbonyl group is attached to one hydrogen atom and one alkyl or aryl group.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_01.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"109\" height=\"96\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Where R can be an alkyl or aryl group<\/p>\n<p><strong>Preparation of aldehydes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>a)\u00a0<\/strong>By oxidation of alcohols: Oxidation of primary alcohols in presence of oxidizing agent like K2Cr2O7\/H2SO4, KMnO4,CrO3 gives aldehydes.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_40.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"255\" height=\"52\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>b)\u00a0<\/strong>By dehydrogenation of alcohols: When the vapours of primary alcohol passed through heated copper at 573 K, it forms aldehyde.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\mathop {RC{H_2}OH}\\limits_{{1^0}Alcohol} \\xrightarrow{{Cu{\\text{ 573k}}}}\\mathop {RCHO}\\limits_{Aldehyde}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"200\" height=\"31\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>c)\u00a0<\/strong>By hydration of alkynes: Ethyne on hydration with <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?HgS{O_4}\/dil.{H_2}S{O_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0at 333 K forms acetaldehyde.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_02.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"165\" height=\"318\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>d)\u00a0<\/strong>By Rosenmund reduction: Hydrogenation of acyl chloride over palladium on barium sulphate gives aldehyde.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_03.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"405\" height=\"111\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>e)\u00a0<\/strong>By reduction of nitriles:<br \/>\n<strong>i)<\/strong>\u00a0Stephen Reaction: Reduction of nitriles in presence of stannous chloride in presence of HCl gives imine which on hydrolysis gives corresponding aldehyde.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_41.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"161\" height=\"185\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>ii)<\/strong>\u00a0Nitriles are selectively reduced by DIBAL-H (Diisobutylaluminium hydride) to aldehydes.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?RCN\\xrightarrow{{AlH{{(i - Bu)}_2}\/{H_2}O}}R - CHO\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_04.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"279\" height=\"143\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>f)<\/strong>\u00a0By reduction of ester: Esters are reduced to aldehydes in presence of DIBAL-H (Diisobutylaluminium hydride)<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_05.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"201\" height=\"264\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>g)<\/strong>\u00a0From Hydrocarbons:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(i)\u00a0<\/strong>By oxidation of methyl benzene: Etard Reaction: Chromyl chloride <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {Cr{O_2}C{l_2}} \\right)\" \/><\/span><\/span>oxidizes methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis gives corresponding benzaldehyde.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_06.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"227\" height=\"466\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Using chromium oxide<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {CrO3} \\right)\" \/><\/span><\/span>: Toluene or substituted toluene is converted to benzaldehyde in presence of chromic oxide in acetic anhydride.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_07.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"310\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii)<\/strong>\u00a0By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis:Halogenation of toluene: Side chain halogenation of toluene gives benzal chloride which on hydrolysis gives Benzaldehyde.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_08.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"329\" height=\"304\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(iii)<\/strong> Gatterman \u2013Koch reaction: Benzene or its derivatives on treatment with carbon monoxide and HCl in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride (CuCl) gives benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehydes.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_09.png\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ketones: <\/strong>Ketones are the organic compounds in which carbonyl group is attached to two alkyl group or aryl group or both alkyl and aryl group.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_10.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"104\" height=\"121\" \/><br \/>\nWhere R, R\u2019 may be alkyl or aryl.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Preparation of ketones:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>a)<\/strong>\u00a0By oxidation of alcohols: Oxidation of secondary alcohols in presence of oxidizing agent like <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{K_2}C{r_2}{O_7}\/{H_2}S{O_4}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"130\" height=\"16\" \/><\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?KMn{O_{4,}}Cr{O_3}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"107\" height=\"15\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0gives ketones.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_42.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"286\" height=\"62\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>b)<\/strong>\u00a0By dehydrogenation of alcohols: When the vapours of a secondary alcohol are passed over heated copper at 573 K, dehydrogenation takes place and a ketone is formed.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_44.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"244\" height=\"52\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>c)<\/strong>\u00a0By hydration of alkynes: Alkynes on hydration with <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?HgS{O_4}\/dil.{H_2}S{O_4}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"140\" height=\"16\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0at 333 K form ketones.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_11.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"194\" height=\"343\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>d)<\/strong>\u00a0From acyl chloride: Acyl chloride on treatment with dialkyl cadmium (prepared by reaction of cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent) gives ketone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2R - Mg - X + CdC{l_2} \\to {R_2}Cd + 2Mg(X)Cl\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"339\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_45.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"311\" height=\"44\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>e)<\/strong>\u00a0From nitriles: Nitriles on treatment with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis give ketones.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_12.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"393\" height=\"94\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>f)<\/strong>\u00a0By Friedel Crafts acylation reaction: Benzene or substituted benzene on treatment with acid chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride forms ketone.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_13.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"390\" height=\"97\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>g)<\/strong>\u00a0Preparation of aldehydes and ketones by ozonolysis of alkenes:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_14.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"335\" height=\"168\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactions of aldehydes and ketones:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions due to steric and electronic reasons (or inductive effect).<\/li>\n<li>Electronic Effect: Relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions is due the positive charge on carbonyl carbon. Greater positive charge means greater reactivity. Electron releasing power of two alkyl groups in ketones is more than one in aldehyde. Therefore positive charge is reduced in ketones as compared to aldehydes. Thus ketones are less reactive than aldehydes.<\/li>\n<li>Stearic Effect: As the number and size of alkyl group increase, the hindrance to the attack of nucleophile also increases and reactivity decreases. In aldehydes there is one alkyl group and one hydrogen atom, whereas in ketones there are two alkyl groups (same or different).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(a)<\/strong> Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to form cyanohydrins<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_15.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"331\" height=\"126\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(b)<\/strong> Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {NaHS{O_3}} \\right)\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"81\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span>to form bisulphate addition compound<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_16.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"339\" height=\"110\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(c)<\/strong> Addition of Grignard reagent (RMgX) to form alcohol<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_17.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"376\" height=\"49\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(d)<\/strong> Addition of alcohol:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(i)<\/strong> Aldehydes on addition of monohydric alcohol in presence of dry HCl forms hemiacetal and acetal.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_18.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"305\" height=\"91\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii)\u00a0<\/strong>Ketones do not react with monohydric alcohols. Ketones react with ethylene glycol under similar conditions to form cyclic products known as ethylene glycol ketals.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_19.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"314\" height=\"74\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(e)\u00a0<\/strong>Addition of ammonia and its derivatives:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_20.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"320\" height=\"73\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reduction of aldehydes and ketones: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(a)<\/strong> Reduction to alcohols:<\/p>\n<p>Aldehydes and ketones on catalytic hydrogenation in presence of Ni, Pt or Pd by using lithium aluminium hydride <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {LiAl{H_4}} \\right)\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"66\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0or sodium borohydride <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {NaB{H_4}} \\right)\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"69\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0forms primary and secondary alcohols respectively.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_\/^\\backslash C = O\\xrightarrow{\\begin{gathered} {H_2}\/Ni,{\\text{ Pt or Pd}} \\hfill \\\\ {\\text{Or}} \\hfill \\\\ {\\text{LiAl}}{{\\text{H}}_4} \\hfill \\\\ Or \\hfill \\\\ NaB{H_4} \\hfill \\\\ \\end{gathered} }{}_\/^\\backslash CH - OH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"287\" height=\"135\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>(b) <\/strong>Reduction to hydrocarbons:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(i) <\/strong>Clemmensen reduction: Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?C{H_2}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"33\" height=\"13\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0group on treatment with zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii) <\/strong>Wolff-Kishner reduction: Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?C{H_2}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"33\" height=\"13\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0group on treatment with hydrazine followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(iii)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_21.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"461\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(i)<\/strong> Aldehydes are oxidized to acids in presence of mild oxidising agents HNO3, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - CHO\\xrightarrow{{[O]}}R - COOH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"199\" height=\"20\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii)<\/strong> Ketones are oxidized under drastic conditions i.e. with powerful oxidising agents like <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?HN{O_3},{\\text{ }}{K_2}C{r_2}{O_7}\/{H_2}S{O_{4,}}KMn{O_4}\/{H_2}S{O_4}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"322\" height=\"16\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0at higher temperature.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_22_1.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"212\" height=\"188\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In case of unsymmetrical ketones cleavage occurs in such a way that keto group stays with smaller alkyl group. This is known as Popoff\u2019s rule.<\/p>\n<p>(iii)Haloform reaction: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom i.e. methyl ketones are oxidised by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of corresponding carboxylic acids having one carbon atom less than that of carbonyl compound. The methyl group is converted to haloform.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_23.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"255\" height=\"215\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactions of aldehydes and ketones due to <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0-hydrogen: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(i) <\/strong>Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>-hydrogen undergo a self condensation in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_24.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_25.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"392\" height=\"313\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii)<\/strong> Cross aldol condensation: Aldol condensation between two different aldehydes and ketones is called aldol condensation. If both of them contain <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>-hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of four products.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_26.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"442\" height=\"215\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Canizzaro reaction: <\/strong>Aldehydes which do not have an <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>-hydrogen atom undergo self-oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali to form alcohol and salt of acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_27.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"470\" height=\"167\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Test to distinguish aldehydes and ketones:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Tollen\u2019s test: When an aldehyde is heated with Tollen\u2019s reagent it forms silver mirror. Tollen\u2019s reagent is ammoniacal solution of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?AgN{O_3}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"55\" height=\"14\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_28.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"356\" height=\"27\" \/><br \/>\nKetones do not form silver mirror and hence do not give this test.<\/li>\n<li>Fehling\u2019s test: When an aldehyde is heated with Fehling\u2019s reagent it formsreddish brown precipitates of cuprous oxide.Fehling\u2019s reagent: Fehling solution A (aqueous solution of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?CuS{O_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>) + Fehling solution B (alkaline solution of sodium potassium tartarate)<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_29.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"364\" height=\"30\" \/><br \/>\nKetones do not give this test.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Carboxylic Acids:<\/strong>Carboxylic acids are the compounds containing the carboxylfunctional group (-COOH).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_30.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"144\" height=\"115\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Preparation of carboxylic acid:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(i) From alcohols: Primary alcohols are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids with common oxidising agents such as potassium permanganate <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {KMn{O_4}} \\right)\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"74\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0in neutral, acidic or alkaline media or by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and chromium trioxide <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\left( {Cr{O_3}} \\right)\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"52\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0in acidic media.<\/p>\n<p>a) <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?RC{H_2}OH\\xrightarrow{{alkaline{\\text{ KMn}}{{\\text{O}}_4}\/{H_3}\\mathop O\\limits^ + }}RCOOH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"299\" height=\"29\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>b) <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?RC{H_2}OH\\xrightarrow{{Cr{O_3} - {H_2}S{O_4}}}RCOOH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"249\" height=\"20\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>(ii) From aldehydes: Oxidation of aldehydes in presence of mild oxidizing agents like Tollen\u2019s reagent (ammoniacal solution of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?AgN{O_3}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"55\" height=\"14\" \/><\/span><\/span>) or Fehling reagent (Fehling solution A (aqueous solution of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?CuS{O_4}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"54\" height=\"13\" \/><\/span><\/span>) + Fehling solution B (aqueous solution of sodium potassium tartarate)) forms carboxylic acids.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?RCHOH + 2{[Ag{(N{H_3})_2}]^ + } + 3O{H^ - } \\to RCO{O^ - } + 2Ag + 2{H_2}O + 4N\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"509\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - CHO + 2C{u^{2 + }} + 5O{H^ - } \\to RCO{O^ - } + C{u_2}O + 3{H_2}O\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"427\" height=\"17\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>(iii) From alkylbenzenes: Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of alkyl benzenes with chromic acid or acidic or alkaline potassium permanganate.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_48.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"273\" height=\"111\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(iv) From alkenes: Suitably substituted alkenes are oxidised to carboxylic acids on oxidation with acidic potassium permanganate or acidic potassium dichromate.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - CH = CH - R\\xrightarrow{{kMn{O_4}\/{H^ + }}}2R - COOH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"334\" height=\"22\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - CH = CH - {R_1}\\xrightarrow{{kMn{O_4}\/{H^ + }}}R - COOH + {R_1} - COOH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"448\" height=\"25\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>(v) From Nitriles: Nitriles on hydrolysis in presence of dilute acids or bases forms amide which on further hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_46.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"429\" height=\"54\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(vi) From Grignard reagent: Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of carboxylic acids which on hydrolysis forms carboxylic acids.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_32.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"475\" height=\"88\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(vii) From acyl halides and anhydrides: Acid chlorides when hydrolysed with water give carboxylic acids .On basic hydrolysis carboxylate ions are formed which on further acidification forms corresponding carboxylic acids. Anhydrides on hydrolysis forms corresponding acid(s)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_33.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"397\" height=\"151\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(viii) From esters: Acidic hydrolysis of esters gives directly carboxylic acids while basic hydrolysis gives carboxylates, which on acidification give corresponding carboxylic acids.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - COO - R'\\mathop \\Leftrightarrow \\limits^{{H_3}{O^ + }} R - COOH + R' - OH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"326\" height=\"24\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - COO - R'\\mathop \\Leftrightarrow \\limits^{NaOH} R - \\mathop {\\mathop {COO}\\limits_{ \\downarrow {H_3}{O^ + }} }\\limits_{R - COOH} - Na + R' - OH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"379\" height=\"44\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physical properties of carboxylic acids:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(i) Solubility: As the size of alky group increases solubility of carboxylic acid decreases because non-polar part of the acid increases<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Boiling points: Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and even alcohols of comparable molecular masses. This is due\u00a0to extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_34.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"293\" height=\"122\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acidity of carboxylic acids:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols. The strength of acid depends on extent of ionization which in turn depends on stability of anion formed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(i) <\/strong>Effect of electron donating substituents on the acidity of carboxylic acids: Electron donating substituent decreases stability of carboxylate ion by intensifying the negative charge and hence decreases acidity of carboxylic acids.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii) <\/strong>Effect of electron withdrawing substituent on the acidity of carboxylic acids: Electron withdrawing group increases the stability of carboxylate ion by delocalizing negative charge and hence, increases acidity of carboxylic acid. The effect of the following groups in increasing acidity order is Ph&lt; I &lt; Br &lt;cl&lt; f=&#8221;&#8221;&gt;2 &lt; CF<sub>3<\/sub>&lt;\/cl&lt;&gt;<\/p>\n<p>(a) Effect of number of electron withdrawing groups: As the number of electron withdrawing groups increases \u2013I effect increases, increasing the acid strength<\/p>\n<p>(b) Effect of position of electron withdrawing group: As the distance between electron withdrawing group and carboxylic group increases, electron withdrawing influence decreases.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reaction of carboxylic acids:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Carboxylic acids on heating with mineral acids such as <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}S{O_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0or with <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{P_2}{O_5}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0give corresponding anhydride.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(i) <\/strong>Anhydride formation:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_35.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"433\" height=\"87\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii) <\/strong>Esterification: Carboxylic acids are esterified with alcohols in the presence of a mineral acid such as concentrated <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}S{O_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0or HCl gas as a catalyst.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_49.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"265\" height=\"37\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(iii) <\/strong>Carboxylic acids react with PCl5, PCl3 and SOCl2 to form acyl chlorides.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?RCOOH + PC{l_5} \\to RCOCl + PC{l_3} + HCl\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"321\" height=\"13\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3RCOOH + PC{l_3} \\to 3RCOCl + {H_3}P{O_3}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"299\" height=\"14\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?RCOOH + SOC{l_2} \\to RCOCl + S{O_2} + HCl\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"325\" height=\"13\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>(iv) <\/strong>Reaction with ammonia (NH3): Carboxylic acids react with ammonia to give ammonium salt which on further heating at high temperature gives amides.<\/p>\n<p><strong>i)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_36.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"287\" height=\"204\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>ii)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_37.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"425\" height=\"91\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Reactions involving COOH group: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(i) <\/strong>Reduction: Carboxylic acids are reduced to alcohols in presence of LiAlH4 or B2H6.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - COOH\\xrightarrow{{LiAl{H_4}\/ether{\\text{ or }}{{\\text{B}}_2}{H_6}\/{H_3}O}}R - C{H_2}OH\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"375\" height=\"23\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii)\u00a0<\/strong>Decarboxylation : Sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids on heating with soda lime (NaOH + CaO in ratio of 3:1) gives hydrocarbons which contain one carbon less than the parent acid.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R - COONa\\xrightarrow{{NaOH\\&amp;amp; CaO\/Heat}}R - H + N{a_2}C{O_3}\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"394\" height=\"23\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>(c)<\/strong> Reactions involving substitution reaction in hydrocarbon part:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(i)<\/strong> Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction: Carboxylic acids having an <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/strong>-hydrogen are halogenated at the <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/strong>-position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give <strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/strong>-halocarboxylic acids)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_47.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"206\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii)<\/strong> Ring substitution in aromatic acids: Aromatic carboxylic acids undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. Carboxyl group in benzoic acid is electron withdrawing group and is meta directing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>i)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_38.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"256\" height=\"114\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>ii)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/12\/chemistry\/12_chemistry_ch12_39.png\" alt=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" width=\"260\" height=\"115\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>CBSE Class 12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes Chemistry. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Chemistry, Physics Math\u2019s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"> Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"> Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"> Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes Chemistry, sample paper for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies, and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, NCERT Exemplar Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solid-state-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Solid State class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solutions-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Solutions class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electrochemistry-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Electrochemistry class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/chemical-kinetics-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Chemical Kinetics class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/surface-chemistry-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Surface Chemistry class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/general-principles-processes-isolation-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/d-f-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">The d- and f- Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/coordination-compounds-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Coordination Compounds class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/haloalkanes-haloarenes-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Haloalkanes and Haloarenes class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/alcohols-phenols-ethers-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Alcohols Phenols and Ethers class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/amines-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Amines class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biomolecules-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Biomolecules class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/polymers-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Polymers class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/chemistry-everyday-life-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Chemistry in Everyday Life class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Chemistry notes &#8230; <a title=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\" aria-label=\"More on Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,456],"tags":[533,457,150,504,426,240],"class_list":["post-9208","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-chemistry-notes","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 12 in PDF format for free download. 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