{"id":9155,"date":"2018-02-09T10:40:20","date_gmt":"2018-02-09T05:10:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=9155"},"modified":"2018-10-04T15:34:57","modified_gmt":"2018-10-04T10:04:57","slug":"the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#CBSE_Guide_the_p-Block_Elements_class_12_Notes_Chemistry\" >CBSE Guide the p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#12_Chemistry_notes_Chapter_7_The_p-Block_Elements\" >12 Chemistry notes Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#CBSE_Class_12_Chemistry_Quick_Revision_Notes_Chapter_7_The_P-Block_Elements\" >CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Quick Revision Notes Chapter 7 The P-Block Elements<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#GROUP_15_ELEMENTS\" >GROUP 15 ELEMENTS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#Reasons\" >Reasons:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#GROUP_16_ELEMENTS\" >GROUP 16 ELEMENTS<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#Ionisation_enthalpy\" >Ionisation enthalpy:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#Electron_gain_enthalpy\" >Electron gain enthalpy:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#Oxygen\" >Oxygen:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#Sulphuric_acid\" >Sulphuric acid:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#GROUP_17_ELEMENTS\" >GROUP 17 ELEMENTS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#Reactivity_of_halogens_towards_other_halogens\" >Reactivity of halogens towards other halogens:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#GROUP_18_ELEMENTS\" >GROUP 18 ELEMENTS:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#The_p-Block_Elements_class_12_Revision_Notes_Chemistry\" >The p-Block Elements class 12 Revision Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#CBSE_Class_12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class 12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>CBSE class 12 The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/strong> in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 Chemistry notes on chapter 7 The p-Block Elements are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_the_p-Block_Elements_class_12_Notes_Chemistry\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide the p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 Chemistry text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Chemistry_notes_Chapter_7_The_p-Block_Elements\"><\/span><strong>12 Chemistry notes Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 7 The p-Block Elements in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 7 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Revision Notes for class 12 chemistry\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_12_Chemistry_Quick_Revision_Notes_Chapter_7_The_P-Block_Elements\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Quick Revision Notes Chapter 7 The P-Block Elements<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>The p-Block elements: <\/strong>Elements belonging to groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table are called p-block elements.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>General electronic configuration of p-block elements: <\/strong>The p-block elements are characterized by the ns2np1-6 valence shell electronic configuration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Representative elements: <\/strong>Elements belonging to the s and p-blocks in the periodic table are called the representative elements or main group elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inert pair effect: <\/strong>The tendency of ns2 electron pair to participate in bond formation decreases with the increase in atomic size. Within a group the higher oxidation state becomes less stable with respect to the lower oxidation state as the atomic number increases. This trend is called \u2018inert pair effect\u2019. In other words, the energy required to unpair the electrons is more than energy released in the formation of two additional bonds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GROUP_15_ELEMENTS\"><\/span><strong>GROUP 15 ELEMENTS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nitrogen family: <\/strong>The elements of group 15 \u2013 nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi) belong to configuration is <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?n{s^2}n{p^3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atomic and ionic radii: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Covalent and ionic radii increase down the group.<\/li>\n<li>There is appreciable increase in covalent radii from N to P.<\/li>\n<li>There is small increase from As to Bi due to presence of completely filled d or f orbitals in heavy elements.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ionisation energy: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It goes on decreasing down the group due to increase in atomic size.<\/li>\n<li>Group 15 elements have higher ionisation energy than group 14 elements due to smaller size of group 15 elements.<\/li>\n<li>Group 15 elements have higher ionization energy than group 16 elements because they have stable electronic configuration i.e., half-filled p-orbitals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Allotropy: <\/strong>All elements of Group 15 except nitrogen show allotropy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Catenation: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Nitrogen shows catenation to some extent due to triple bond but phosphorus shows catenation to maximum extent.<\/li>\n<li>The tendency to show catenation decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxidation states: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>The common oxidation states are +3, +5 and \u20133.<\/li>\n<li>The tendency to show \u20133 oxidation state decreases down the group because of decrease in electronegativity by the increase in atomic size.<\/li>\n<li>The stability of +5 oxidation state decreases whereas stability of +3 oxidation state increases due to inert pair effect.<\/li>\n<li>Nitrogen shows oxidation states from \u20133 to +5.<\/li>\n<li>Nitrogen and phosphorus with oxidation states from +1 to +4 undergo oxidation as well as reduction in acidic medium. This process is called disproportionation.<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3HN{O_2} \\to HN{O_3} + {H_2}O + 2NO\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity towards hydrogen: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>All group 15 elements from trihydrides, <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?M{H_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>It belongs to <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?s{p^3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0hybridisation.<\/li>\n<li>The stability of hydrides decreases down the group due to decrease in bond dissociation energy down the group.<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\;N{H_3} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}P{H_3} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}As{H_3} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}Sb{H_3} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}Bi{H_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Boiling point: <\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?P{H_3} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}As{H_3} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}N{H_3} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}Sb{H_3} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}Bi{H_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Boiling point increases with increase in size due to increase in van der Waals forces.<\/li>\n<li>Boiling point of NH3 is more because of hydrogen bonding.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bond angle: <\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?N{H_3}\\left( {107.8^\\circ } \\right){\\text{ }} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}P{H_3}\\left( {99.5^\\circ } \\right){\\text{ }} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}As{H_3}\\left( {91.8^\\circ } \\right)\\\\{\\text{ }} \\approx {\\text{ }}Sb{H_3}\\left( {91.3^\\circ } \\right){\\text{ }} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}Bi{H_3}\\left( {90^\\circ } \\right)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Electronegativity of N is highest. Therefore, the lone pairs will be towards nitrogen and hence more repulsion between bond pairs. Therefore bond angle is the highest. After nitrogen, the electronegativity decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<li>Basicity decreases as NH3&gt; PH3&gt; AsH3&gt; SbH3&lt; BiH3. This is because the lone pair of electrons are concentrated more on nitrogen and hence the basicity will be maximum in the case of NH3. It will decrease down the group as the electronegativity decreases down the group. The reducing power of hydrides increases down the group due to decrease in bond dissociation energy down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity towards oxygen: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>All group 15 elements from trioxides (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{M_2}{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>) and pentoxides (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{M_2}{O_5}\" \/><\/span><\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Acidic character of oxides decreases and basicity increases down the group. This is because the size of nitrogen is very small.<\/li>\n<li>It has a strong positive field in a very small area. Therefore, it attracts the electrons of water O-H bond to itself and release H+ ions easily.<\/li>\n<li>As we move down the group, the atomic size increases and so, the acidic character of oxide decreases and basicity increases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity towards halogen:<\/strong>\n<p>Group 15 elements form trihalides and pentahalides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Trihalides: These are covalent compounds and become ionic down the group with <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?s{p^3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>hybridisation, pyramidal shape.<\/li>\n<li>Pentahalidesa). They are lewis acids because of the presence of vacant d \u2013 orbitals.b). They possess <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?s{p^3}d\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0hybridisation and hence possess trigonalbirpyamidal shape.<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?PC{l_5} + C{l^ - } \\to {[PC{l_6}]^ - }\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>PCl5 is ionic in solid state and exist as <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{[PC{l_4}]^ + }{[PC{l_6}]^ - }\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>In PCl5, there are three equatorial bonds and two axial bonds. The axial bonds are longer than equatorial bonds because of greater repulsion from equatorial bonds.<\/li>\n<li>Nitrogen does not form pentahalides due to absence of <em>d<\/em>&#8211; orbitals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity towards metals: <\/strong>All elements react with metals to form binary compounds in \u20133 oxidation state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anomalous behaviour of nitrogen: <\/strong>The behaviour of nitrogen differs from rest of the elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reasons\"><\/span><strong>Reasons:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>i. <\/strong>It has a small size.<br \/>\n<strong>ii. <\/strong>It does not have d \u2013 orbitals<br \/>\n<strong>iii. <\/strong>It has high electronegativity<br \/>\n<strong>iv. <\/strong>It has high ionization enthalpy<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dinitrogen: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>a)<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Preparation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?N{H_4}Cl(aq) + NaN{O_2}(aq)\\xrightarrow{{Heat}}{N_2}(g) + 2{H_2}O(l) + NaCl(aq)\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{(N{H_4})_2}C{r_2}{O_7}\\xrightarrow{{Heat}}{N_2} + 4{H_2}O + C{r_2}{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Ba{({N_3})_2}\\xrightarrow{{Heat}}Ba + 3{N_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>b)<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Physical Properties: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>i)<\/strong> It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and non \u2013 toxic gas.<br \/>\n<strong>ii)<\/strong>\u00a0It is chemically un-reactive at ordinary temperature due to triple bond in N \u2261 N which has high bond dissociation energy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ammonia: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Ammonia molecule is trigonal pyramidal with nitrogen atom at the apex.<\/li>\n<li>It has 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair.<\/li>\n<li>N is <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?s{p^3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>hybridised.<\/li>\n<li>Preparation:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Haber\u2019s process:<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{N_2}(g) + 3{H_2}(g) \\to 2N{H_3}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{\\Delta _f}{H^0} = - 46.1kJ{\\text{ }}mo{l^{ - 1}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Pressure 200<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi? \\times\" \/><\/span><\/span>10 Pa Temperature 773 K Catalyst is FeO with small amounts of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{K_2}O\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?A{l_2}{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nitric Acid: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ostwald Process: <\/strong>The NO thus formed is recycled and the aqueous <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?HN{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0can be concentrated by distillation upto ~ 68% by mass. Further concentration to 98% can be achieved by dehydration with concentrated <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}S{O_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>. Nitric acid is strong oxidizing agent in the concentrated as well as in the dilute state.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?4N{H_3} + 5{O_2}\\xrightarrow{{Pt\/Rh{\\text{ gauge 500k, 9 bar}}}}4NO + 6{H_2}O\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2NO + {O_2} \\to 2N{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3N{O_2}(g) + {H_2}O(l) \\to 2HN{O_3}(aq) + NO(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Phosphorus: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>a)<\/strong>\u00a0It shows the property of catenation to maximum extent due to most stable P \u2013 P bond.<\/p>\n<p><strong>b)<\/strong>\u00a0It has many allotropes, the important ones are:<br \/>\n<strong>i)\u00a0<\/strong>White phosphorus<br \/>\n<strong>ii)<\/strong>\u00a0Red phosphorus<br \/>\n<strong>iii)\u00a0<\/strong>Black phosphorus<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>White phosphorus:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Discrete tetrahedral P4 molecules<\/li>\n<li>Very reactive<\/li>\n<li>Glows in dark<\/li>\n<li>Translucent waxy solid<\/li>\n<li>Soluble in <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?C{S_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>but insoluble in water<\/li>\n<li>It has low ignition temperature, therefore, kept under water<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Red phosphorus<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Polymeric structure consisting of chains of P4 units linked together<\/li>\n<li>Less reactive than white phosphorus<\/li>\n<li>Does not glow in dark<\/li>\n<li>Has an iron grey lustre<\/li>\n<li>Insoluble in water as well as <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?C{S_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Black phosphorus<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Exists in two forms &#8211; <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0black phosphorus and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\beta\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0black phosphorus<\/li>\n<li>Very less reactive<\/li>\n<li>Has an opaque monoclinic or rhombohedral crystals<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{\\text{White phosphorus}}\\xrightarrow{{{\\text{573k in an inert atmosphere for several days}}}}{\\text{ Red phosphorus}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{\\text{White phosphorus}}\\xrightarrow{{{\\text{High pressure,473K}}}}{\\text{Black phosphorus}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{\\text{Red phosphorus}}\\xrightarrow{{{\\text{In a sealed tube,803K}}}}{\\text{Black phosphorus}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Phosphine<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It is highly poisonous, colourless gas and has a smell of rotten fish.<\/li>\n<li>Preparation<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\mathop {\\mathop {C{a_3}{P_2}}\\limits_{Calcium} }\\limits_{Phosphide}+ \\mathop {6{H_2}O}\\limits_{Water}\\to \\mathop {\\mathop {3Ca{{(OH)}_2}}\\limits_{Calcium} }\\limits_{Hydroxide}+ \\mathop {2P{H_3}}\\limits_{Phosphine}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?C{a_3}{P_2} + 6HCl \\to 3CaC{l_2} + \\mathop {2P{H_3}}\\limits_{Phosphine}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{P_4} + 3NaOH + 3{H_2}O \\to \\mathop {\\mathop {3Na{H_2}P{O_2}}\\limits_{Sodium} }\\limits_{Hypophosphite}+ \\mathop {P{H_3}}\\limits_{Phosphine}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chlorides of Phosphorous: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>a)<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Phosphorus Trichloride<br \/>\ni)<\/strong>\u00a0It is a colourless oily liquid.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ii)<\/strong>\u00a0Preparation<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{P_4} + 10C{l_2} \\to 4PC{l_5}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{P_4} + 10S{O_2}C{l_2} \\to 4PC{l_5} + 10S{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>iii)<\/strong>\u00a0With water,<br \/>\nIt gets hydrolysed in the presence of moisture.<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?PC{l_3} + 3{H_2}O \\to {H_3}P{O_3} + 3HCl\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>iv)<\/strong> Pyramidal shape, sp3 hybridisation<\/p>\n<p><strong>v)<\/strong>\u00a0With acetic acid<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3C{H_3}COOH + PC{l_3} \\to C{H_3}COCl + {H_3}P{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>vi)<\/strong>. With alcohol<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3{C_2}{H_5}OH + PC{l_3} \\to 3{C_2}{H_5}Cl + {H_3}P{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>b)<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Phosphorus pentachloride<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Yellowish white powder.<\/li>\n<li>Trigonalbipyramidal shape, sp3dhybridisation .<\/li>\n<li>Preparation<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{P_4} + 10C{l_2} \\to 4PC{l_5}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{P_4} + 10S{O_2}C{l_2} \\to 4PC{l_5} + 10S{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>With water<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?PC{l_5} + {H_2}O \\to POC{l_3} + 2HCl\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi? POC{l_3} + 3{H_2}O \\to {H_3}P{O_4} + 3HCl\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>With acetic acid<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3C{H_3}COOH + PC{l_5} \\to C{H_3}COCl + POC{l_3} + HCl\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>With alcohol<\/li>\n<li>With metals<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi? 2Ag + PC{l_5} \\to 2AgCl + PC{l_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Sn + 2PC{l_5} \\to SnC{l_4} + 2PC{l_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GROUP_16_ELEMENTS\"><\/span><strong>GROUP 16 ELEMENTS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxidation states: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>They show -2, +2, +4, +6 oxidation states.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen does not show +6 oxidation state due to absence of d \u2013 orbitals.<\/li>\n<li>Po does not show +6 oxidation state due to inert pair effect.<\/li>\n<li>The stability of -2 oxidation state decreases down the group due to increase in atomic size and decrease in electronegativity.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen shows -2 oxidation state in general except in <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?O{F_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{O_2}{F_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Thus, the stability of +6 oxidation state decreases and +4 oxidation state increases due to inert pair effect.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ionisation_enthalpy\"><\/span><strong>Ionisation enthalpy: <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Ionisation enthalpy of elements of group 16 is lower than group 15 due to half-filled p-orbitals in group 15 which is more stable.<\/li>\n<li>However, ionization enthalpy decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Electron_gain_enthalpy\"><\/span><strong>Electron gain enthalpy: <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Oxygen has less negative electron gain enthalpy than S because of small size of O.<\/li>\n<li>From S to Po electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative to Po because of increase in atomic size.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Melting and boiling point: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It increases with increase in atomic number.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen has much lower melting and boiling points than sulphur because oxygen is diatomic (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0) and sulphur is octatomic (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{S_8}\" \/><\/span><\/span>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity with hydrogen: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>All group 16 elements form hydrides.<\/li>\n<li>They possess bent shape.<\/li>\n<li>Bond angle: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}O{\\text{ }}\\left[ {373K} \\right] &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}S{\\text{ }}\\left[ {213K} \\right] &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Se{\\text{ }}\\left[ {232K} \\right] &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Te{\\text{ }}\\left[ {269K} \\right]\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Acidic nature: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}O{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}S{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Se{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Te\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\nThis is because the H-E bond length increases down the group. Therefore, the bond dissociation enthalpy decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Thermal stability: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}O{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}S{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Se{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Te{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Po\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\nThis is because the H-E bond length increases down the group. Therefore, the bond dissociation enthalpy decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing character: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}O{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}S{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Se{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Te{\\text{ }} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}{H_2}Po\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\nThis is because the H-E bond length increases down the group. Therefore, the bond dissociation enthalpy decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity with oxygen: \u00a0<\/strong>and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?E{O_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Reducing character of dioxides decreases down the group because oxygen has a strong positive field which attracts the hydroxyl group and removal of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H^ + }\" \/><\/span><\/span>becomes easy.<\/li>\n<li>Acidity also decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?S{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>is a gas whereas SeO2 is solid. This is because <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Se{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0has a chain polymeric structure whereas SO2 forms discrete units.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity with halogens: <\/strong>EX2, EX4 and EX6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>The stability of halides decreases in the order <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?F - {\\text{ }} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}Cl - {\\text{ }} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}Br - {\\text{ }} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}I - .\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>This is because E-X bond length increases with increase in size.<\/li>\n<li>Among hexa halides, fluorides are the most stable because of steric reasons.<\/li>\n<li>Dihalides are <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?s{p^3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0hybridised and so, are tetrahedral in shape.<\/li>\n<li>Hexafluorides are only stable halides which are gaseous and have <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?s{p^3}{d^2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0hybridisation and octahedral structure.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}O\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0is a liquid while H2S is a gas. This is because strong hydrogen bonding is present in water. This is due to small size and high electronegativity of O.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oxygen\"><\/span><strong>Oxygen: <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The compounds of oxygen and other elements are called oxides.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2KCl{O_3}\\xrightarrow{{Heat\/Mn{O_2}}}2KCl + 3{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2{H_2}{O_2}(aq)\\xrightarrow{{Finely{\\text{ divided metals}}}}2{H_2}O(l) + {O_2}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2A{g_2}O(s)\\xrightarrow{{Heat}}4Ag(s) + {O_2}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2HgO(s)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta }2Hg(l) + {O_2}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\mathop {2P{b_3}{O_4}(s)}\\limits_{\\operatorname{Re} d{\\text{ lead}}} \\xrightarrow{\\Delta }6PbO(s) + {O_2}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2Pb{O_2}(s)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta }2PbO(s) + {O_2}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxides: <\/strong>The compounds of oxygen and other elements are called oxides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Types of oxides: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?S{O_2} + {H_2}O \\to {H_2}S{O_3}(Sulphurous{\\text{ acid)}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?N{a_2}O + {H_2}O \\to 2NaOH\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{K_2}O + {H_2}O \\to 2KOH\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?CaO + {H_2}O \\to Ca{(OH)_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>{\/tex}<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Acidic oxides: Non- metallic oxides are usually acidic in nature.<\/li>\n<li>Basic oxides: Metallic oxides are mostly basic in nature. Basic oxides dissolve in water forming bases e.g.,<\/li>\n<li>Amphoteric oxides: They show characteristics of both acidic as well as basic oxides. <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?A{l_2}{O_3} + 6HCl(aq) \\to 2AlC{l_3}(aq) + 3{H_2}O\" \/><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?A{l_2}{O_3} + 6NaOH(aq) + 3{H_2}O(l) \\to 2N{a_3}[Al{(OH)_6}](aq)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neutral oxides: These oxides are neither acidic nor basic. Example: Co, NO and N2O<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ozone: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Preparation: It is prepared by passing silent electric discharge through pure and dry oxygen 10 \u2013 15 % oxygen is converted to ozone.<br \/>\n<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?3{O_2}(g) \\to 2{O_3}(g); \\Delta H = + 142kJ{\\text{ mo}}{{\\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Structure of Ozone: Ozone has angular structure. Both O = O bonds are of equal bond length due to resonance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sulphur: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Sulphur exhibits allotropy:\n<ol>\n<li>Yellow Rhombic (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0&#8211; sulphur)<\/li>\n<li>Monoclinic (- sulphur)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha - sulphur\\xrightarrow{{369K}}\\beta - sulphur\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>At 369 K both forms are stable. It is called transition temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Both of them have S8 molecules.<\/li>\n<li>The ring is puckered and has a crown shape.<\/li>\n<li>Another allotrope of sulphur \u2013 cyclo <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{S_6}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0ring adopts a chair form.<\/li>\n<li>S2is formed at high temperature (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi? \\sim\" \/><\/span><\/span>1000 K).<\/li>\n<li>It is paramagnetic because of 2 unpaired electrons present in anti bonding<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\pi\" \/><\/span><\/span>* orbitals like O<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sulphuric_acid\"><\/span><strong>Sulphuric acid: <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>By contact process<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\frac{1}{8}{S_8} + {O_2} \\to S{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2S{O_2}(g) + {O_2}(g)\\xrightarrow{{{V_2}{O_5}\/2bar{\\text{ 720k}}}}2S{O_3}(g)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\Delta {H^\\theta } = - 196.6kJ{\\text{ mo}}{{\\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?S{O_3}(g) + {H_2}S{O_4} \\to {H_2}{S_2}{O_7}(oleum)\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{H_2}{S_2}{O_7} + {H_2}O \\to \\mathop {2{H_2}S{O_4}}\\limits_{(96 - 98\\% )}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Preparation:<\/li>\n<li>Exothermic reaction and therefore low temperature and high pressure are favourable.<\/li>\n<li>It is dibasic acid or diprotic acid.<\/li>\n<li>It is a strong dehydrating agent.<\/li>\n<li>It is a moderately strong oxidizing agent.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GROUP_17_ELEMENTS\"><\/span><strong>GROUP 17 ELEMENTS <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atomic and ionic radii: <\/strong>Halogens have the smallest atomic radii in their respective periods because of maximum effective nuclear charge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ionisation enthalpy: <\/strong>They have very high ionization enthalpy because of small size as compared to other groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Electron gain enthalpy: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Halogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalpy because these elements have only one electron less than stable noble gas configuration.<\/li>\n<li>Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative down the group because atomic size increases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Electronegativity: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>These elements are highly electronegative and electronegativity decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<li>They have high effective nuclear charge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bond dissociation enthalpy: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Bond dissociation enthalpy follows the order: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?C{l_2} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}B{r_2} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}{F_2} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}{I_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>This is because as the size increases bond length increases.<\/li>\n<li>Bond dissociation enthalpy of Cl2 is more than F2 because there are large electronic repulsions of lone pairs present in F2.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Colour: <\/strong>All halogens are coloured because of absorption of radiations in visible region which results in the excitation of outer electrons to higher energy levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxidising power: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>All halogens are strong oxidisingagents because they have a strong tendency to accept electrons.<\/li>\n<li>Order of oxidizing power is: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{F_2} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}C{l_2} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}B{r_2} &amp;gt; {\\text{ }}{I_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity with Hydrogen: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Acidic strength: HF &lt;HCl&lt;HBr&lt; HI<\/li>\n<li>Stability: HF &gt;HCl&gt;HBr&gt; HI. This is because of decrease in bond dissociation enthalpy.<\/li>\n<li>Boiling point: HCl&lt;HBr&lt; HI &lt; HF. HF has strong intermolecular H bonding. As the size increases van der Waals forces increases and hence boiling point increases.<\/li>\n<li>% Ionic character: HF &gt;HCl&gt;HBr&gt; HI Dipole moment: HF &gt;HCl&gt;HBr&gt; HI. Electronegativity decreases down the group.<\/li>\n<li>Reducing power: HF &lt;HCl&lt;HBr&lt; HI<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reactivity with metals: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Halogens react with metals to form halides.<\/li>\n<li>Ionic character: MF &gt;MCl&gt;MBr&gt; MI. The halides in higher oxidation state will be more covalent than the one in the lower oxidation state.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interhalogen compounds: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reactivity_of_halogens_towards_other_halogens\"><\/span><strong>Reactivity of halogens towards other halogens: <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Binary compounds of two different halogen atoms of general formula X <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{X'_n}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0are called interhalogen compounds where n = 1, 3, 5, or 7. All these are covalent compounds.<\/li>\n<li>Interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens because X-X is a more polar bond than X-X bond.<\/li>\n<li>All are diamagnetic.<\/li>\n<li>Their melting point is little higher than halogens.<\/li>\n<li>XX\u2019 (CIF, BrF, BrCl, ICl, IBr, IF) (Linear shape) XX\u2019<sub>3<\/sub> (<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?CI{F_3},{\\text{ }}Br{F_3},{\\text{ }}I{F_3},{\\text{ }}IC{l_3}\" \/><\/span><\/span>) (Bent T- shape) XX\u2019<sub>5<\/sub> \u2013<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?CI{F_5},{\\text{ }}Br{F_5},{\\text{ }}I{F_5}\" \/><\/span><\/span>, (square pyramidal shape) XX\u2019<sub>7<\/sub> \u2013<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?I{F_7}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0(Pentagonal bipyramidal shape)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxoacids of halogens: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?HCl{O_4} \\to {H^ + } + ClO_4^ - Most{\\text{ Stable}}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Fluorine forms only one oxoacid HOF (Fluoric (I) acid or hypofluorous acid) due to high electronegativity.<\/li>\n<li>Acid strength: <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?HOCl &amp;lt; HCl{O_2} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}HCl{O_3} &amp;lt; {\\text{ }}HCl{O_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Reason:<\/li>\n<li>Acid strength: HOF &gt;HOCl&gt;HOBr&gt; HOI. This is because Fluorine is most electronegative.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GROUP_18_ELEMENTS\"><\/span><strong>GROUP 18 ELEMENTS<\/strong>:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ionisation enthalpy: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>They have very high ionization enthalpy because of completely filled orbitals.<\/li>\n<li>Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group because of increase in size.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atomic radii: <\/strong>Increases down the group because the number of shells increases down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Electron gain enthalpy: <\/strong>They have large electron gain enthalpy because of stable electronic configuration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Melting and boiling point: <\/strong>It has low melting and boiling point due to the presence of only weak dispersion forces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Shapes:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0is linear, <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0is square planar and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_6}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0is distorted octahedral. <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Kr{F_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0is known but no true compound of He Ne and Arare known.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Compounds of Xe and F:<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe + {F_2}\\xrightarrow{{673k,1bar}}Xe{F_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe + 2{F_2}\\xrightarrow{{873k\/7bar}}Xe{F_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe + 3{F_2}\\xrightarrow{{573k\/60 - 70bar}}Xe{F_6}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_4} + {O_2}{F_2} \\to Xe{F_6} + {O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_2},{\\text{ }}Xe{F_4}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_6}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0are powerful fluorinating agents.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Compounds of Xe and O: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?6Xe{F_4} + 12{H_2}O \\to 4Xe + 2Xe{O_3} + 24HF + 3{O_2}\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?Xe{F_6} + 3{H_2}O \\to Xe{O_3} + 6HF\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_p-Block_Elements_class_12_Revision_Notes_Chemistry\"><\/span>The p-Block Elements class 12 Revision Notes Chemistry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes for Class 12 Chemistry PDF<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes Class 12 Chemistry \u2013 CBSE<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 12 Chemistry<\/li>\n<li>Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in Chemistry class 12<\/li>\n<li>Short notes for CBSE class 12th Chemistry<\/li>\n<li>Key notes and chapter summary of Chemistry class 12<\/li>\n<li>Quick revision notes for CBSE board exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Chemistry, Physics Math\u2019s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes, sample paper for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT The p-Block Elements, NCERT Exemplar The p-Block Elements, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solid-state-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Solid State class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solutions-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Solutions class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electrochemistry-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Electrochemistry class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/chemical-kinetics-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Chemical Kinetics class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/surface-chemistry-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Surface Chemistry class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/general-principles-processes-isolation-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/d-f-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">The d- and f- Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/coordination-compounds-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Coordination Compounds class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/haloalkanes-haloarenes-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Haloalkanes and Haloarenes class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/alcohols-phenols-ethers-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Alcohols Phenols and Ethers class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/amines-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Amines class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biomolecules-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Biomolecules class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/polymers-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Polymers class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/chemistry-everyday-life-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\">Chemistry in Everyday Life class 12 Notes Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE class 12 The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 Chemistry notes &#8230; <a title=\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\" aria-label=\"More on The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,456],"tags":[457,150,504,426,240,520],"class_list":["post-9155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-chemistry-notes","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes","tag-the-p-block-elements"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 7 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter wise notes for CBSE board exams.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 7 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter wise notes for CBSE board exams.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-09T05:10:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-10-04T10:04:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@mycbseguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@mycbseguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519\"},\"headline\":\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-09T05:10:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-04T10:04:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\"},\"wordCount\":2832,\"commentCount\":2,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"CBSE Notes\",\"CBSE Notes and Key Points\",\"Chemistry notes\",\"Quick Revision\",\"Quick Revision Notes\",\"The p-Block Elements\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Class 12\",\"Revision Notes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\",\"name\":\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-09T05:10:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-04T10:04:57+00:00\",\"description\":\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 7 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter wise notes for CBSE board exams.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":300,\"caption\":\"Notes For Solid State\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"CBSE\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Class 12\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/cbse-class-12\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180,\"caption\":\"myCBSEguide\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/mycbseguide\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mycbseguide\/\",\"http:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/mycbseguide\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCxuqSnnygFzwJG0pwogCNEQ\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide","description":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 7 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter wise notes for CBSE board exams.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide","og_description":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 7 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter wise notes for CBSE board exams.","og_url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/","og_site_name":"myCBSEguide","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/","article_published_time":"2018-02-09T05:10:20+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-10-04T10:04:57+00:00","og_image":[{"width":600,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"myCBSEguide","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@mycbseguide","twitter_site":"@mycbseguide","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"myCBSEguide","Est. reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/"},"author":{"name":"myCBSEguide","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519"},"headline":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry","datePublished":"2018-02-09T05:10:20+00:00","dateModified":"2018-10-04T10:04:57+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/"},"wordCount":2832,"commentCount":2,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg","keywords":["CBSE Notes","CBSE Notes and Key Points","Chemistry notes","Quick Revision","Quick Revision Notes","The p-Block Elements"],"articleSection":["Class 12","Revision Notes"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/","name":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry | myCBSEguide","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg","datePublished":"2018-02-09T05:10:20+00:00","dateModified":"2018-10-04T10:04:57+00:00","description":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry chapter 7 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter wise notes for CBSE board exams.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/12_chemistry_revision_notes.jpg","width":600,"height":300,"caption":"Notes For Solid State"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/the-p-block-elements-class-12-notes-chemistry\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"CBSE","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Class 12","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/cbse\/cbse-class-12\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"The p-Block Elements class 12 Notes Chemistry"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/","name":"myCBSEguide","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"myCBSEguide","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png","width":180,"height":180,"caption":"myCBSEguide"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/","https:\/\/x.com\/mycbseguide","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mycbseguide\/","http:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/mycbseguide\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCxuqSnnygFzwJG0pwogCNEQ"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519","name":"myCBSEguide"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9155"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20725,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9155\/revisions\/20725"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}