{"id":9045,"date":"2018-02-08T16:29:42","date_gmt":"2018-02-08T10:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=9045"},"modified":"2019-03-05T16:23:11","modified_gmt":"2019-03-05T10:53:11","slug":"nuclei-class-12-notes-physics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes-physics\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes-physics\/#CBSE_Guide_Nuclei_class_12_Notes\" >CBSE Guide Nuclei class 12 Notes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes-physics\/#Nuclei_Class_12_Notes_Physics\" >Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes-physics\/#CBSE_Class_12_Physics_Revision_Notes_Chapter_13_Nuclei\" >CBSE Class 12 Physics Revision Notes Chapter 13 Nuclei<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes-physics\/#CBSE_Class_12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class 12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics<\/strong> in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Nuclei class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Physics notes on chapter 13 Nuclei are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Nuclei_class_12_Notes\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide Nuclei class 12 Notes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 Physics textbook. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nuclei_Class_12_Notes_Physics\"><\/span>Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 13 Nuclei in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Nuclei class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Nuclei class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 13 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_12_Physics_Revision_Notes_Chapter_13_Nuclei\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 12 Physics Revision Notes Chapter 13 Nuclei<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atomic Number: <\/strong>The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number. It is denoted by Z.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mass number: <\/strong>The total number of protons and neutrons present in a nucleus is called the mass number of the element. It is denoted by A.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No. of Protons, Electrons, Nucleons, and Neutrons in an Atom:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Number of protons in an atom = Z<\/li>\n<li>Number of electrons in an atom = Z<\/li>\n<li>Number of nucleons in an atom = A<\/li>\n<li>Number of neutrons in an atom = N = A \u2013 Z.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Mass: <\/strong>The total mass of the protons and neutrons present in a nucleus is called the nuclear mass.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nuclide: <\/strong>A nuclide is a specific nucleus of an atom characterized by its atomic number Z and mass number A. It is represented as,\u00a0<strong><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{\\text{Z}}{{\\text{X}}^{\\text{A}}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"31\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Where X = chemical symbol of the element, Z = atomic number and A = mass number<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Isotopes:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>The atoms of an element which have the same atomic number but different mass number are called isotopes.<\/li>\n<li>Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Isobars: <\/strong>The atoms having the same mass number but different atomic number are called isobars.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Isotones: <\/strong>The nuclides having the same number of neutrons are called isotones.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Isomers: <\/strong>These are nuclei with same atomic number and same mass number but in different energy states.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Electron Volt: <\/strong>It is defined as the energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt and is denoted by eV.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Atomic Mass Unit:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It is <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\frac{\\text{1}}{\\text{12}}\\text{th}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0of the actual mass of a carbon atom of isotope <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{\\text{6}}{{\\text{C}}^{12}}\" \/><\/span><\/span>. It is denoted by amu or just by u.<\/li>\n<li>1 amu =<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?1.660565{\\text{ }} \\times {10^{ - 27}}\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0kg<\/li>\n<li>The energy equivalence of 1 amu is 1 amu = 931 MeV<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Discovery of Neutrons:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Neutrons were discovered by Chadwick in 1932.<\/li>\n<li>When beryllium nuclei are bombarded by alpha-particles, highly penetrating radiations are emitted, which consists of neutral particles, each having mass nearly that of a proton. These particles were called neutrons.<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{2}^{4}He+{}_{4}^{9}Be\\to {}_{0}^{1}n+{}_{1}^{12}C\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"170\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>A free neutron decays spontaneously, with a half- life of about 900 s, into a proton, electron and an antineutrino.<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{0}^{1}n\\to {}_{1}^{1}H+{}_{-1}^{0}e+\\overset{-}{\\mathop{v}}\\,\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"142\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Size of the Nucleus:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It is found that a nucleus of mass number A has a radius\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R = {R_o}{A^{1\/3}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"87\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Where,\u00a0<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{R_0} = 1.2{\\text{ x 1}}{{\\text{0}}^{ - 15}}m\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"139\" height=\"17\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>This implies that the volume of the nucleus, which is proportional to R<sup>3<\/sup> is proportional to A.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Density of the Nucleus: <\/strong>Density of nucleus is constant; independent of A, for all nuclei and density of nuclear matter is approximately\u00a0<span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?2.3 \\times {10^{17}}kg{m^{ - 3}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"121\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>which is very large as compared to ordinary matter, say water which is 10<sup>3<\/sup> kg m<sup>-3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mass-Energy equivalence: <\/strong>Einstein proved that it is necessary to treat mass as another form of energy. He gave the mass-energy equivalence relation as,\u00a0E = mc<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0Where m is the mass and c is the velocity of light in vacuum.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mass Defect: <\/strong>The difference between the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its constituent nucleons is called its mass defect. It is given by-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\Delta m=[Z{{m}_{p}}+(A-Z){{m}_{n}}]-m\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"232\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Binding Energy:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It may be defined as the energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons and to separate them to such a large distance that they may not interact with each other.<\/li>\n<li>It may also be defined as the surplus energy which the nucleus gives up by virtue of their attractions which they become bound together to form a nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>The binding energy of a nucleus <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{Z}{{X}^{A}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"36\" height=\"17\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0is-<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?B.E. = [Z{m_p} + (A - Z){m_n} - m]{c^2}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"253\" height=\"20\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Binding Energy per Nucleon: <\/strong>It is average energy required to extract one nucleon from the nucleus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is obtained by dividing the binding energy of a nucleus by its mass number.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\overset{-}{\\mathop{B}}\\,=\\frac{B.E}{A}=\\frac{[Z{{m}_{p}}+(A-Z){{m}_{n}}-m]{{c}^{2}}}{A}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"294\" height=\"37\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Forces:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>These are the strong in attractive forces which hold protons and neutrons together in a tiny nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>These are short range forces which operate over very short distance of about 2 \u2013 3 fm of separation between any two nucleons.<\/li>\n<li>The nuclear force does not depend on the charge of the nucleon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Density: <\/strong>The density of a nucleus is independent of the size of the nucleus and is given by-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{\\rho _v} = \\frac{{{\\text{Nuclear mass}}}}{{{\\text{Nuclear volume}}}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"155\" height=\"36\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi? = \\frac{{{m_v}}}{{\\frac{4}{3}\\pi {R^2}}} = 2.9{\\text{ x 1}}{{\\text{0}}^{17}}{\\text{ kg }}{{\\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"214\" height=\"36\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Radioactivity:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It is the phenomenon of spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom with the emission of one or more radiations like <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particles, <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\beta\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particles or <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\gamma\" \/><\/span><\/span>-rays.<\/li>\n<li>The substances which spontaneously emit penetrating radiation are called radioactive substances.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Radioactivity Displacement Law: <\/strong>It states that-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>When a radioactive nucleus emits an <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particle, atomic number decreases by 2 and mass number decreases by 4.<\/li>\n<li>When a radioactive nucleus emits <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\beta\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particle, its atomic number increases by 1 but mass number remains same.<\/li>\n<li>The emission of a <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\gamma\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particle does not change the mass number or the atomic number of the radioactive nucleus. The <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\gamma\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particle emission by a radioactive nucleus lowers its energy state.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alpha Decay: <\/strong>It is the process of emission of an <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>-particle from a radioactive nucleus. It may be represented as,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{Z}^{A}X\\to {}_{Z-2}^{A-4}Y+{}_{2}^{4}He+Q\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"177\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Beta Decay: <\/strong>It is the process of emission of an electron from a radioactive nucleus. It may be represented as,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{Z}^{A}X\\to {}_{Z+1}^{A}Y+{}_{-1}^{0}e+\\overset{-}{\\mathop{v}}\\,\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"169\" height=\"21\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gamma Decay: <\/strong>It is the process of emission of a <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\gamma\" \/><\/span><\/span>-ray photon during the radioactive disintegration of a nucleus. It can be represented as,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\underset{(\\text{Excited State)}}{\\mathop{{}_{Z}^{A}X}}\\,\\to \\underset{(\\text{Ground State)}}{\\mathop{{}_{Z}^{A}X+\\gamma }}\\,\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"204\" height=\"33\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Radioactive Decay Law: <\/strong>It states that the number of nuclei disintegrated of undecayed radioactive nuclei present at that instant. It may be written as-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?N(t)=N(0){{e}^{-\\lambda t}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"123\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>WhereN(0) is the number of nuclei at t = 0 and is disintegration constant.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Decay or disintegration Constant: <\/strong>It may be defined as the reciprocal or the time interval in which the number of active nuclei in a given radioactive sample reduces to 36.8% of its initial value.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Half-life: <\/strong>The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time in which one-half of its nuclei will disintegrate. It is inversely proportional to the decay constant of the radioactive substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{{T}_{1\/2}}=\\frac{0.693}{\\lambda }\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"93\" height=\"34\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mean Life: <\/strong>The mean-life of a radioactive sample is defined as the ratio of the combined age of all the atoms and the total number of atoms in the given sample. It is given by,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\tau =\\frac{{{T}_{1\/2}}}{0.693}=1.44{{T}_{1\/2}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"154\" height=\"35\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rate of Decay or Activity of a Radioactive Sample: <\/strong>It is defined as the number of radioactive disintegrations taking place per second in a given sample. It is expressed as-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?R(t)=\\left[ \\frac{dN}{dt} \\right]=\\lambda N(t)=\\lambda N(0){{e}^{-\\lambda t}}\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"263\" height=\"40\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Curie:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>It is the SI unit of decay.<\/li>\n<li>One curie is the decay rate of 3.7 X 10<sup>10<\/sup> disintegrations per second.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rutherford: <\/strong>One Rutherford is the decay rate of 10<sup>6<\/sup> disintegrations per second.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Natural Radioactivity: <\/strong>It is the phenomenon of the spontaneous emission of <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\alpha\" \/><\/span><\/span>, \u00a0 and <span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?\\gamma\" \/><\/span><\/span>\u00a0radiations from the nuclei of naturally occurring isotopes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Artificial or Induced Radioactivity: <\/strong>It is the phenomenon of inducing radioactivity in certain stable nuclei by bombarding them by suitable high energy sub atomic particles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Reaction: <\/strong>It is a reaction which involves the change of stable nuclei of one element into the nucleus of another element.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Fission: <\/strong>It is the process in which a heavy nucleus when excited gets split into two smaller nuclei of nearly comparable masses. For example-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"cke_widget_wrapper cke_widget_inline cke_widget_selected\"><span class=\"math-tex cke_widget_element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/elpiscart.com\/cgi-bin\/mathtex.cgi?{}_{92}^{235}U+{}_{0}^{1}n\\to {}_{56}^{141}Ba+{}_{36}^{92}Kr+3{}_{0}^{1}n+Q\" alt=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" width=\"277\" height=\"19\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Reactor: <\/strong>It is a device in which a nuclear chain reaction is initiated, maintained and controlled.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nuclear Fusion: <\/strong>It is the process of fusion of two smaller nuclei into a heavier nucleus with the liberation of large amount of energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Critical size and Critical Mass:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>The size of the fissionable material for which reproduction factor is unity is called critical size and its mass is called critical mass of the material.<\/li>\n<li>The chain reaction in this case remains steady or sustained.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Moderator:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Any substance which is used to slow down fast moving neutrons to thermal energies is called a moderator.<\/li>\n<li>The commonly used moderators are water, heavy water (D<sub>2<\/sub>O) and graphite.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Nuclei class 12 Notes. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Physics, Chemistry, Math\u2019s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Nuclei class 12 Notes, sample paper for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electric-charges-fields-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Electric Charges and Fields class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electrostatic-potential-capacitance-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/current-electricity-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Current Electricity class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/moving-charges-magnetism-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Moving Charges and Magnetism class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/magnetism-matter-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Magnetism and Matter class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electromagnetic-induction-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Electromagnetic Induction class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/alternating-current-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Alternating Current class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electromagnetic-waves-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Electromagnetic Waves class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ray-optics-and-optical-class-12-note-physics\/\">Ray Optics and Optical class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wave-optics-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Wave Optics class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/dual-nature-radiation-matter-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/atoms-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Atoms class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/electronic-devices-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Electronic Devices class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/communication-systems-class-12-notes-physics\/\">Communication Systems class 12 Notes Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Nuclei class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Physics notes on chapter 13 Nuclei are also available for &#8230; <a title=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes-physics\/\" aria-label=\"More on Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8891,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,456],"tags":[457,150,496,458,426,240],"class_list":["post-9045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-nuclei","tag-physics-notes","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nuclei Class 12 Notes Physics chapter 1 in PDF format for free download. 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