{"id":4893,"date":"2016-05-19T09:49:00","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T04:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-class-8-social-science-ch-10-law-and-social-justice\/"},"modified":"2019-02-13T11:26:17","modified_gmt":"2019-02-13T05:56:17","slug":"ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Political Science Law and Social Justice"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#NCERT_Class_8_Social_Science_Chapter_Wise_Solutions\" >NCERT Class 8 Social Science Chapter Wise Solutions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#History\" >History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#Political_Science\" >Political Science<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#Geography\" >Geography<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#NCERT_Solutions_for_Class_8_Social_Science_Political_Science_Law_and_Social_Justice\" >NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Political Science Law and Social Justice<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#1_What_are_the_advantages_to_foreign_companies_in_setting_up_production_in_India\" >1. What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#2_Do_you_think_the_victims_of_the_Bhopal_gas_tragedy_got_justice_Discuss\" >2. Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#3_What_do_we_mean_when_we_speak_of_law_enforcement_Who_is_responsible_for_enforcement_Why_is_enforcement_so_important\" >3. What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#Enforcement_so_important\" >Enforcement so important :<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#4_How_can_laws_ensure_that_markets_work_in_a_manner_that_is_fair_Give_two_examples_to_support_your_answer\" >4. How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#5_Write_a_paragraph_on_the_various_roles_of_the_government_that_you_have_read_about_in_this_unit\" >5. Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#6_What_are_the_sources_of_environmental_pollution_in_your_area_Discuss_with_respect_to_a_air_b_water_and_c_soil_What_are_the_steps_being_taken_to_reduce_pollution_Can_you_suggest_some_other_measures\" >6. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air\u00a0(b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#7_How_was_the_environment_treated_earlier_What_has_been_the_change_in_perception_Discuss\" >7. How was the\u00a0environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#NCERT_Solutions_for_Class_8_Social_Science\" >NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-political-science-law-and-social-justice\/#CBSE_app_for_Class_8\" >CBSE app for Class 8<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Political Science Law and Social Justice Chapter 10<\/strong> are available in PDF format for free download. These ncert book chapter wise questions and answers are very helpful for CBSE exam. CBSE recommends NCERT books and most of the questions in CBSE exam are asked from NCERT textbooks. Class 8 Social Science chapter wise NCERT solution for Social Science part 1 part 2 and Part 3\u00a0 for all the chapters can be downloaded from our website and myCBSEguide mobile app for free.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>NCERT Solutions for Political Science Class 8\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-08-social-science\/1485\/ncert-solutions\/5\/\">Download as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/images\/blog\/08_Social_Science_POL.jpg\" alt=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Political Science Law and Social Justice\" width=\"106\" height=\"151\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NCERT_Class_8_Social_Science_Chapter_Wise_Solutions\"><\/span>NCERT Class 8 Social Science Chapter Wise Solutions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History\"><\/span><strong>History<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>How When and Where<\/li>\n<li>From Trade to Territory<\/li>\n<li>Ruling the Countryside<\/li>\n<li>Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age<\/li>\n<li>When the People Rebel<\/li>\n<li>Colonialism and the City<\/li>\n<li>Weavers Iron smelters and Factory owners<\/li>\n<li>Civilising the Native Educating the Nation<\/li>\n<li>Women Caste and Reform<\/li>\n<li>The Changing World of Visual Arts<\/li>\n<li>The Making of the National Movement 1870s 1947<\/li>\n<li>India After Independence<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Political_Science\"><\/span><strong>Political Science<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>The Indian Constitution<\/li>\n<li>Understanding Secularism<\/li>\n<li>Why do we Need a Parliament<\/li>\n<li>Understanding Laws<\/li>\n<li>Judiciary<\/li>\n<li>Understanding Our Criminal Justice<\/li>\n<li>Understanding Marginalisation<\/li>\n<li>Confronting Marginalisation<\/li>\n<li>Public Facilities<\/li>\n<li>Law and Social Justice<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Geography\"><\/span><strong>Geography<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Resources<\/li>\n<li>Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Resources<\/li>\n<li>Mineral and Power Resources<\/li>\n<li>Agriculture<\/li>\n<li>Industries<\/li>\n<li>Human Resources<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NCERT_Solutions_for_Class_8_Social_Science_Political_Science_Law_and_Social_Justice\"><\/span>NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Political Science Law and Social Justice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_are_the_advantages_to_foreign_companies_in_setting_up_production_in_India\"><\/span><strong>1. What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans:<\/strong>\u00a0The advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India are the\u00a0following:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\" start=\"1\">\n<li>They can get cheap labour in India. Wages that the companies pay to workers say in the U.S.A. are far higher than what they have to pay workers in India. For lower pay, foreign companies can get long\u00a0hours of work.<\/li>\n<li>They can spend the least on housing facilities for workers. Thus, companies can save costs and earn higher profits.<\/li>\n<li>They can cut cost by providing lower working conditions including lower safety measures. Working conditions including lower safety measures are used as ways of cutting costs in India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Thus the foreign companies look for setting up production in India.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Do_you_think_the_victims_of_the_Bhopal_gas_tragedy_got_justice_Discuss\"><\/span><strong>2. Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans:<\/strong> No, the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy have not got justice even after\u00a030 years of the accident. People are still fighting for justice.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>At first, the company which owned the pesticide factory- Union Carbide (UC) refused to accept responsibility despite the wide-open, so many evidence\u00a0of the tragedy.<\/li>\n<li>Union Carbide got away after paying a bare minimum compensation to the survivors of this tragedy.<\/li>\n<li>The people are still fighting for safe drinking water, for health care facilities and jobs for the people poisoned by Union Carbide. Their cases are still pending in numerous courts.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_What_do_we_mean_when_we_speak_of_law_enforcement_Who_is_responsible_for_enforcement_Why_is_enforcement_so_important\"><\/span><strong>3. What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Law enforcement is referred to as a subsystem of society that promotes adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society.<\/li>\n<li>It is the responsibility of the government to ascertain that laws are not violated by anyone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enforcement_so_important\"><\/span><strong>Enforcement so important :<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>To maintain the democratic status of India; if foreign companies put up low unsafe working conditions, then this interferes with the Fundamental Right of the Right to Life, of a worker.<\/li>\n<li>With more industries being set up both by local and foreign businesses in India, there is a greater need for stronger laws protecting workers\u2019 rights and producers and consumers.<\/li>\n<li>Enforcement is also important because it makes people\u00a0comply with safety norms thereby not risking the life of the\u00a0workers.<br \/>\nFor example: The Bhopal gas tragedy had taken place only because the safety laws were lax in the country and even these weak safety law were not enforced.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_How_can_laws_ensure_that_markets_work_in_a_manner_that_is_fair_Give_two_examples_to_support_your_answer\"><\/span><strong>4. How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans:\u00a0<\/strong>Laws ensure that markets work in a fair manner by protecting the people from unfair practices.<br \/>\nThe two examples are :<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\" start=\"1\">\n<li>The government should regularly inspect the\u00a0working condition and punish the violators. The frequently upgraded Minimum Wages Law ensures that workers are not exploited and over-worked by companies that hire them.<\/li>\n<li>The government should monitor the activities of individuals or private companies\u00a0if they are adhering to safety standards. Also, a law keeping check on the quality of production makes sure that sub-standard goods do not enter the market.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Write_a_paragraph_on_the_various_roles_of_the_government_that_you_have_read_about_in_this_unit\"><\/span><strong>5. Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans:<\/strong> The government is responsible for the welfare of its people. The government plays many roles in all the States across the country. One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that these public facilities like water, electricity, public transport, sanitation, etc. are made available to everyone.\u00a0It makes laws to protect the interests of workers. The Minimum Wages Act specifies that wages should not be below a specified minimum. The government enforces this law so that employers may not exploit their workers by paying them low wages.\u00a0Through making, enforcing and upholding such laws the government tries to control the activities of individuals or private companies so as to ensure social justice. The government also has a law against child labour. The government punishes organizations that do not follow policies put in place to protect the environment against pollution.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_What_are_the_sources_of_environmental_pollution_in_your_area_Discuss_with_respect_to_a_air_b_water_and_c_soil_What_are_the_steps_being_taken_to_reduce_pollution_Can_you_suggest_some_other_measures\"><\/span><strong>6. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air\u00a0(b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans:<\/strong> There are many sources of environmental pollution in our area.<br \/>\n<strong>Air Pollution:<\/strong> By vehicles, industrial gases disposed\u00a0of\u00a0through chimneys, smoke from red brick Bhattas.<br \/>\n<strong>Water Pollution:<\/strong> Various chemical discharges and other liquid effluents from some industries like tanneries, mills etc. The other sources are dry latrines and inefficient discharge of house wastes and sewerage into the rivers.<br \/>\n<strong>Soil Pollution:<\/strong> Plastic bags are\u00a0thrown carelessly, lack of proper arrangement of disposing household wastes, industrial effluents and ashes etc.Excessive\u00a0use of fertilizers and pesticides for cultivation.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, there has been a consistent increase in awareness of the need for a clean environment. The courts in our country have come out with a number of strong orders on\u00a0environmental issues and accordingly, steps are also being taken to reduce pollution. Still, many more steps have to be implemented in this direction:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\" start=\"1\">\n<li>Appropriate measures need to be taken by countries and local authorities to stop the misuse or overuse of resources. For example, there are checks on the use of certain fuels such as coal, petrol, etc.\u00a0in some countries. The use of renewable energy such as wind power and solar power is encouraged.<\/li>\n<li>Environmental degradation can be checked by conserving land, air and water resources. For this, we have to control the pollutants at the source. Industries can utilize efficient environment-friendly processes for production and encourage recycling of their used products. That way, pollution can be controlled at the source.<\/li>\n<li>The government can ensure proper enforcement of laws and norms related to environmental issues such as &#8211; use of plastic bags, disposal of all type of wastes, reduction of harmful emissions from different industries, etc. It should\u00a0also punish or fine those who do not follow the laws.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_How_was_the_environment_treated_earlier_What_has_been_the_change_in_perception_Discuss\"><\/span><strong>7. How was the\u00a0environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ans:<\/strong> Environment was treated as a\u00a0free entity. Any industry could pollute the air and water without any restrictions. Whether it was our rivers, air, groundwater, the environment was being polluted and the health of people was completely ignored.<br \/>\nIn\u00a0recent years, and particularly after the Bhopal gas tragedy, the issue of environmental pollution came to the forefront. The Bhopal gas tragedy brought change in perception.\u00a0Now, the perception has completely changed and people have understood that the environment will be shared by people in the future. There has been an increasing awareness among all that a clean environment is a public facility that cannot be destroyed merely for industrial development. The courts also gave a number of judgments upholding the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the Fundamental Right to life.<br \/>\nNowadays, the Indian government introduced new laws on the environment. Henceforth, the polluters were to be held accountable for the damage done to the\u00a0environment. The government can punish or fine those who do not follow laws pertaining to the environment. The government also provides incentives to those who use renewable energy. The use of recycled products is encouraged. There is a\u00a0greater number of environmental campaigns and efforts. Hence, to plant more trees\u00a0there is greater participation by people in protecting the environment.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NCERT_Solutions_for_Class_8_Social_Science\"><\/span>NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science PDF (Download) Free from myCBSEguide app and myCBSEguide website. Ncert solution class 8 Social Science includes text book solutions from part 1 and part 2 and part 3. NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science have total 27 chapters. 8 Social Science NCERT Solutions in PDF for free Download on our website. Ncert Social Science class 8 solutions PDF and Social Science ncert class 8 PDF solutions with latest modifications and as per the latest CBSE syllabus are only available in myCBSEguide.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_app_for_Class_8\"><\/span>CBSE app for Class 8<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To download\u00a0NCERT Solutions for class 8 Social Science, Computer Science, Home Science, Hindi , English, Maths Science do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Political Science Law and Social Justice Chapter 10 are available in PDF format for free download. These ncert book chapter wise questions and answers are very helpful for CBSE exam. CBSE recommends NCERT books and most of the questions in CBSE exam are asked from NCERT textbooks. 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