CBSE Class 12
\nPhysics (Code No. 042)
\nSyllabus (2024-25)<\/strong><\/p>\n
\nTime: 3 hrs.
\nMax Marks: 70<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n| <\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | No. of Periods<\/strong><\/td>\nMarks<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nUnit-I<\/strong><\/td>\nElectrostatics<\/strong><\/td>\n26<\/strong><\/td>\n16<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-II<\/strong><\/td>\nCurrent Electricity<\/strong><\/td>\n18<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-3: Current Electricity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-III<\/strong><\/td>\nMagnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism<\/strong><\/td>\n25<\/strong><\/td>\n17<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-IV<\/strong><\/td>\nElectromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents<\/strong><\/td>\n24<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-7: Alternating Current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-V<\/strong><\/td>\nElectromagnetic Waves<\/strong><\/td>\n04<\/strong><\/td>\n18<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-VI<\/strong><\/td>\nOptics<\/strong><\/td>\n30<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-10: Wave Optics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-VII<\/strong><\/td>\nDual Nature of Radiation and Matter<\/strong><\/td>\n08<\/strong><\/td>\n12<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-VIII<\/strong><\/td>\nAtoms and Nuclei<\/strong><\/td>\n15<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-12: Atoms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-13: Nuclei<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nUnit-IX<\/strong><\/td>\nElectronic Devices<\/strong><\/td>\n10<\/strong><\/td>\n7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | Chapter-14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal<\/strong><\/td>\n160<\/strong><\/td>\n| 70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Unit I: Electrostatics (26\u00a0Periods)
\nChapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields<\/strong>
\nElectric Charges,\u00a0Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
\nElectric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.
\nElectric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).<\/p>\nChapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance<\/strong>
\nElectric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
\nConductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).<\/p>\nUnit II: Current Electricity (18 Periods)
\nChapter-3: Current Electricity<\/strong>
\nElectric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone bridge.<\/p>\nUnit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (25\u00a0Periods)
\nChapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism<\/strong>
\nConcept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
\nBiot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
\nAmpere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight\u00a0solenoids (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
\nForce on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.<\/p>\nChapter-5: Magnetism and Matter<\/strong>
\nBar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines.
\nMagnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.<\/p>\nUnit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (24\u00a0Periods)
\nChapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction<\/strong>
\nElectromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law,\u00a0Self and mutual induction.
\nChapter-7: Alternating Current<\/strong>
\nAlternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current\/voltage; reactance and impedance;\u00a0LCR series circuit (phasors only), resonance,\u00a0power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current. AC generator,\u00a0Transformer.<\/p>\nUnit V: Electromagnetic waves (04 Periods)
\nChapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves<\/strong>
\nBasic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
\nElectromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.<\/p>\nUnit VI: Optics (30 Periods)
\nChapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments<\/strong>
\nRay Optics:<\/strong>\u00a0Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker\u2019s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.
\nOptical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.<\/p>\nChapter-10: Wave Optics
\nWave optics:\u00a0<\/strong>Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only), coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only).<\/p>\nUnit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (08 Periods)
\nChapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter<\/strong>
\nDual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations;\u00a0Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
\nExperimental study of photoelectric effect
\nMatter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.<\/p>\nUnit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (15 Periods)
\nChapter-12: Atoms<\/strong>
\nAlpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in his orbit, of hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).
\nChapter-13: Nuclei<\/strong>
\nComposition and size of nucleus, nuclear force.
\nMass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.<\/p>\nUnit IX: Electronic Devices (10\u00a0Periods)
\nChapter-14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits<\/strong>
\nEnergy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)\u00a0Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n-type, p-n junction
\nSemiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.<\/p>\nPRACTICALS<\/strong><\/p>\n(Total Periods 60)<\/strong>
\nThe record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination has to include:<\/p>\n\n- Record of at least 8 Experiments [with 4 from each section], to be performed by the students.<\/li>\n
- Record of at least 6 Activities [with 3 each from section A and section B], to be performed by the students.<\/li>\n
- The Report of the project\u00a0carried out by the students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Evaluation Scheme<\/strong><\/p>\nTime 3 hours
\nMax. Marks: 30<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n| Two experiments one from each section<\/td>\n | 7 + 7 Marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Practical record [experiments and activities]<\/td>\n | 5 Marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| One activity from any section<\/td>\n | 3 Marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Investigatory Project<\/td>\n | 3 Marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Viva on experiments, activities and project<\/td>\n | 5 Marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal<\/strong><\/td>\n| 30 marks<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n SECTION-A<\/strong><\/p>\nExperiments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- To determine resistivity of two\/three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.<\/li>\n
- To find resistance of a given wire\/standard resistor using metre bridge.<\/li>\n
- To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.OR<\/strong>\n
To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n \n- To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.<\/li>\n
- To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.OR<\/strong>\n
To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n \n- To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Activities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.<\/li>\n
- To measure the resistance, voltage (AC\/DC), current (AC)\u00a0and check continuity of a given circuit using multimeter.<\/li>\n
- To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on\/off) switches, a\u00a0fuse and a power source.<\/li>\n
- To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.<\/li>\n
- To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.<\/li>\n
- To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor\/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
SECTION-B<\/strong><\/p>\nExperiments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.<\/li>\n
- To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.<\/li>\n
- To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1\/u and 1\/v.<\/li>\n
- To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.<\/li>\n
- To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.<\/li>\n
- To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.<\/li>\n
- To find refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror.<\/li>\n
- To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.<\/li>\n
- To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Activities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.<\/li>\n
- Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.<\/li>\n
- To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.<\/li>\n
- To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.<\/li>\n
- To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.<\/li>\n
- To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens\/mirror).<\/li>\n
- To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Suggested Investigatory Projects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- To study various factors on which the internal resistance\/EMF of a cell depends.<\/li>\n
- To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation in\n
\n- the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).<\/li>\n
- the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.<\/li>\n
- To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.<\/li>\n
- To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.<\/li>\n
- To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb’s law.<\/li>\n
- To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor\/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.<\/li>\n
- To study the earth’s magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of
\nEvaluation Scheme<\/strong><\/p>\nTime 2 hours
\nMax. Marks: 30<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n| Identification\/Familiarity with the apparatus<\/td>\n | 5 marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Written test (based on given\/prescribed practicals)<\/td>\n | 10 marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Practical Record<\/td>\n | 5 marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Viva<\/td>\n | 10 marks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal<\/strong><\/td>\n| 30 marks<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Class 12<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Items for Identification\/familiarity with the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All experiments)<\/strong>
\nMeter scale, general shape of the voltmeter\/ammeter, battery\/power supply, connecting wires, standard resistances, connecting wires, voltmeter\/ammeter, meter bridge, screw gauge, jockey Galvanometer, Resistance Box, standard Resistance, connecting wires, Potentiometer, jockey, Galvanometer, Lechlanche cell, Daniell cell [simple distinction between the two vis-\u00e0-vis their outer (glass and copper) containers], rheostat connecting wires, Galvanometer, resistance box, Plug-in and tapping keys, connecting wires battery\/power supply, Diode, Resistor (Wire-wound or carbon ones with two wires connected to two ends), capacitors (one or two types), Inductors, Simple electric\/electronic bell, battery\/power supply, Plug-in and tapping keys, Convex lens, concave lens, convex mirror, concave mirror, Core\/hollow wooden cylinder, insulated wire, ferromagnetic rod, Transformer core, insulated wire.<\/li>\n- List of Practicals\u00a0<\/strong>\n
\n- To determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph between voltage and current.<\/li>\n
- To verify the laws of combination (series\/parallel combination) of resistances by Ohm\u2019s law.<\/li>\n
- To find the resistance of a given wire \/ standard resistor using a meter bridge<\/li>\n
- To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method.<\/li>\n
- To identify a resistor, capacitor, inductor and diode from a mixed collection of such items.<\/li>\n
- To observe the difference between\n
\n- a convex lens and a concave lens<\/li>\n
- a convex mirror and a concave mirror and to estimate the likely difference between the power of two given convex \/concave lenses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- To design an inductor coil and to know the effect of\n
\n- change in the number of turns<\/li>\n
- Introduction of ferromagnetic material as its core material on the inductance of the coil.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- To design a (i) step up (ii) step down transformer on a given core and know the relation between its input and output voltages.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Note:<\/strong>\u00a0The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recording observations.<\/p>\nPrescribed Books:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Physics, Class 12, Part -I and II, Published by NCERT.<\/li>\n
- Laboratory Manual of Physics for class 12\u00a0Published by NCERT.<\/li>\n
- The list of other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider multimedia also).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Note:<\/strong> The content indicated in NCERT textbooks as excluded for the year 2024-25 is not to be tested by schools and will not be assessed in the Board examinations 2024-25.<\/p>\nQUESTION PAPER DESIGN
\nTheory<\/strong><\/p>\nMaximum Marks: 70
\nDuration: 3 hrs.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nS. No.<\/strong><\/td>\nTypology of Questions<\/strong><\/td>\nTotal Marks<\/strong><\/td>\nApproximate Percentage<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n
Remembering:\u00a0<\/strong>Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
\nUnderstanding:<\/strong>\u00a0Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n | 38%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n\n\n- <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n
Applying:<\/strong>\u00a0Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way<\/td>\n| 22<\/td>\n | 32%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |