{"id":10922,"date":"2018-02-23T14:11:03","date_gmt":"2018-02-23T08:41:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=10922"},"modified":"2018-03-17T16:20:04","modified_gmt":"2018-03-17T10:50:04","slug":"industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/#CBSE_Guide_Industrial_Revolution_class_11_Notes_History\" >CBSE Guide Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/#11_History_notes_Chapter_9_Industrial_Revolution\" >11 History notes Chapter 9 Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/#Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\" >Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/#Industrial_Revolution_class_11_Notes_History\" >Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/#CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>CBSE Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 11 History notes on Chapter 9 Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Industrial_Revolution_class_11_Notes_History\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 11 History text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_History_notes_Chapter_9_Industrial_Revolution\"><\/span><strong>11 <\/strong>History<strong> notes Chapter 9 Industrial Revolution<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 11th revision notes for chapter 9 Industrial Revolution in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 9 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-history\/1870\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"><strong>Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>CHAPTER 9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Meaning &amp; Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The term &#8216;Industrial Revolution&#8217; was used by European scholars &#8211; George Michelet in France and Friedrich Engles in Germany.<\/li>\n<li>It refers to the\u00a0great change in the field of industries when the production of goods by hand in the houses were replaced with the help of machines in factories.<\/li>\n<li>The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780s and the 1850s is called the \u2018first industrial revolution\u2019.<\/li>\n<li>It was used for the first time in English by the philosopher and economist Arnold Toynbee (1852-83), to describe the changes that occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820. These dates coincided with those of the reign of George III.<\/li>\n<li>It revolutionised the techniques and organisation of production in the later half of the eighteenth century.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>CAUSES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(i) Economic <\/strong>&#8211;\u00a0There was remarkable economic growth from the 1780s to 1820 in the cotton and iron industries, in coal mining, in the building of roads and canals and in foreign trade.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(ii) Political &#8211; <\/strong>The series of incidents occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820. These dates coincided with those of the reign of George III.<\/p>\n<p><strong>** Why Britain?:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It had been politically stable since the seventeenth century, with England, Wales and Scotland unified under a monarchy. This meant that the kingdom had common laws, a single currency and a market that was not fragmented by local authorities. Besides, England had great domestic and international market under its control which helped in the growth of Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Towns &#8211;\u00a0From the eighteenth century, many towns in Europe were growing in area and in population. Population of most of the\u00a0European cities doubled between 1750 and 1800. The largest of them was London, which served as the hub of the country\u2019s markets, with the next largest ones located close to it. London had also acquired a global significance.<\/li>\n<li>Finance &#8211;\u00a0The Bank of England was founded in 1694.<\/li>\n<li>Coal &amp; Iron &#8211;\u00a0Coal and Iron ore were important raw materials.\u00a0Abraham Darby invented the blast furnace in 1709. World\u2019s first iron bridge was built during this period<\/li>\n<li>Agricultural\u00a0Revolution &#8211;\u00a0In the eighteenth century, England had been through a major economic change, later described as the \u2018agricultural revolution\u2019. This was the process by which bigger landlords had bought up small farms near their own properties and enclosed the village common lands. The agricultural revolution laid down the foundation of the Industrial Revolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(iii) Geographical &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the seventeenth century, Wales and Scotland were unified. London was the largest city as well as a city of global trade. England had a number of colonies in Asia, Africa and Europe. These helped in obtaining the raw material for industries.<\/li>\n<li>By the eighteenth century, the centre of global trade had shifted from the Mediterranean ports of Italy and France to the Atlantic ports of Holland and Britain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>CONSEQUENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(i) Positive Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The onset of textile industry also helped in the emergence of Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(a) Invention of Machines in Cotton Industry:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0The flying shuttle loom invented by John Kay in 1733 revolutionsed the textile industry.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The spinning jenny<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The water frame<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The mule<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Powerloom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Road Map of Industrial Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 2\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/his\/ch09\/image001.jpg\" alt=\"Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History\" width=\"346\" height=\"190\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(b) Increase in Production<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(c) Introduction of Railways &amp; Canals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Railways took the industrialization to the second stage.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Thomas Savery built a model steam engine the Miner\u2019s Friend in 1698.<\/li>\n<li>Another steam engine was built by <strong>Thomas Newcomen <\/strong>in 1712. The steam engine had been used only in coal mines until <strong>James Watt <\/strong>developed a perfect steam engine in 1769 and established the Soho Foundry in Birmingham.<\/li>\n<li>James Brindley built the <strong>First English Canal in 1761<\/strong>. The \u2018canal mania\u2019 prevailed from 1788 to 1796.<\/li>\n<li>The first steam locomotive, <strong>Stephenson\u2019s Rocket,<\/strong> appeared in 1814.<\/li>\n<li>Richard Trevithick devised an engine &#8211; the \u2018Puffing Devil\u2019 in 1801 and a locomotive &#8211; \u2018<strong>The Blutcher<\/strong>\u2019 in 1814.<\/li>\n<li>The First railway line ran between Stockton and Darlington..<\/li>\n<li>The \u2018little railway mania\u2019 prevailed from 1833 to 1837 and the bigger \u2018mania\u2019 from 1844 to 1847<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Advantages and Disadvantages\u00a0\u00a0&#8211;<\/strong> In the 1830s, the use of canals revealed several problems. The congestion of vessels made movement slow on certain stretches of canals, and frost, flood or drought limited the time of their use. The railways now appeared as a convenient alternative. About 6,000 miles of railway was opened in Britain between 1830 and 1850, most of it in two short bursts. During the \u2018little railway mania\u2019 of 1833-37, 1400 miles of line was built, and during the bigger \u2018mania\u2019 of 1844-47, another 9,500 miles of line was sanctioned.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(d) Changed life<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Profits<\/u>: Some rich individuals who took risks and invested money in industries in the hope that profits could be made, and that their money would \u2018multiply\u2019. In most cases this money \u2013 capital \u2013 did multiply. Wealth, in the form of goods, incomes, services, knowledge and productive efficiency, did increase dramatically.<\/li>\n<li><u>Huge population:<\/u>\u00a0The number of cities in England with a population of over 50,000 grew from two in 1750 to 29 in 1850. This pace of growth was not matched with the provision of adequate housing, sanitation or clean water for the rapidly growing urban population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(ii) Negative Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(a) <u>Condition of workers:<\/u> There was, at the same time, a massive negative human cost. This was evident in broken families, new addresses, degraded cities and appalling working conditions in factories.\u00a0The condition of workers was quite miserable. They became victims of\u00a0restlessness, epidemics and diseases.<\/p>\n<p>(b) <u>Employment of Women and Children in industries<\/u>:\u00a0The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that children and women worked.\u00a0The earnings of women and children were necessary to supplement men\u2019s meagre wages.\u00a0Factory managers considered child labour to be important training for future factory work<\/p>\n<p><strong>(c) Protest Movement<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meaning:\u00a0Industrialisation led to greater prosperity for some, but in the initial stages it was linked with poor living and working conditions of millions of people, including women and children. This sparked off protests, which forced the government to enact laws for regulating conditions of work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Luddism <\/strong>&#8211;\u00a0Luddism (1811-17) fought for the workers affected by new machines. It was led by the charismatic General Ned Ludd. Its participants demanded a minimum wage, control over the labour of women and children, work for those who had lost their jobs because of the coming of machinery, and the right to form trade unions so that they could legally present these demands.<\/li>\n<li>Result:\u00a0The government reacted by repression and by new laws that denied people the right to protest. For this reason they passed\u00a0two Combination Acts and supported\u00a0Corn Laws. Through\u00a0the Act of 1833 more children were put to work in coal mines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Reform laws<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Laws were passed in 1819 prohibiting the employment of children under the age of nine in factories and limiting the hours of work of those between the ages of nine and sixteen to 12 hours a day<\/li>\n<li>The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 banned children under 10 and women from working underground.<\/li>\n<li>The Ten Hours\u2019 Bill was introduced in 1847, after more than 30 years of agitation. It\u00a0limited the hours of work for women and young people, and secured a 10-hour day for male workers.<\/li>\n<li>Fielder\u2019s Factory Act in 1847 prohibited children and women from working more than 10 hours a day.<\/li>\n<li>In eighteenth century, England witnessed the \u201cAgricultural Revolution and the process of \u2018enclosure\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>THE DEBATE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Until the 1970s, historians used the term \u2018industrial revolution\u2019 for the changes that occurred in Britain from the 1780s to the 1820s. From then, it was challenged, on various grounds. Industrialisation had actually been too gradual to be considered a \u2018revolution\u2019. It carried processes that already existed towards new levels. England had changed in a regional manner, prominently around the cities of London, Manchester, Birmingham or Newcastle, rather than throughout the country.<\/li>\n<li>Indicators of economic change occurring before and after 1815-20 suggest that sustained industrialisation was to be seen after rather than before these dates.<\/li>\n<li>The word \u2018industrial\u2019 used with the word \u2018revolution\u2019 is too limited. The transformation extended beyond the economic or industrial sphere and into society and gave prominence to two classes: the bourgeoisie and the new class of proletarian labourers in towns and in the countryside<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Timeline: <\/strong>Refer to page 201<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords: <\/strong>Industrial Revolution, Luddism, protest movement, laws, steam engine, metallurgy, iron smelting, powerloom, canal.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Industrial_Revolution_class_11_Notes_History\"><\/span>Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes for Class 11 History PDF<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes Class 11 History \u2013 CBSE<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 11 History<\/li>\n<li>Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in History class 11<\/li>\n<li>Short notes for CBSE class 11th History<\/li>\n<li>Key notes and chapter summary of History class 11<\/li>\n<li>Quick revision notes for CBSE exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History. CBSE quick revision note for class-11 Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, History and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-physics\/1340\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-chemistry\/1356\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-mathematics\/1371\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-biology\/1388\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-accountancy\/1411\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-economics\/1423\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-business-studies\/1740\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-computer-science\/1852\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-informatics-practices\/1874\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History, sample paper for class 11 Chemistry, Physics, History,Political Science, History, History, History, Home Science, Accountancy, History and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/beginning-time-class-11-notes-history\/\">From the Beginning of Time class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/empire-across-three-continents-class-11-notes-history\/\">An Empire Across Three Continents class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/nomadic-empires-class-11-notes-history\/\">Nomadic Empires class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/confrontation-cultures-class-11-notes-history\/\">Confrontation of Cultures class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/displacing-indigenous-people-class-11-notes-history\/\">Displacing Indigenous People class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/paths-modernization-class-11-notes-history\/\">Paths to Modernization class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/writing-city-life-class-11-notes-history-2\/\">Writing and city life class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/\">Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 11 History notes on Chapter 9 Industrial &#8230; <a title=\"Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/industrial-revolution-class-11-notes-history\/\" aria-label=\"More on Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10099,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,456],"tags":[378,457,828,845,426,240],"class_list":["post-10922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-11","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-new-delhi","tag-cbse-notes","tag-history-notes","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Industrial Revolution class 11 Notes History chapter 9 in PDF format for free download. 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